130 



MKMMIM.KN 



M KM PHIS 



r Moreel, ami of Mo ..... I's daughter. See 

 Live* by Weale (in I hitch. l.71tand Miehicls (in 

 Hieneh, 1883) ; al> Art Journal ( 1K83, |>. 318). 



lnffen. an old town of llavaria, .'{.'I miles 

 of I'lni, Tlayed a prominent part in the 

 religious wars of trie I6tli century. BM Moreau 

 ,!.-.! ill,- Austrian* under Kray, 9th and 10th 

 I -><>. I.inen, cloth, \r. are manufactured. 

 



Memnon. a hero of Greek mythology, son of 

 Titliiinu- and Eds (the Dawn), who h-d to Troy a 

 host of Kthiopians to aid hi~ step uncle I'riiun after 

 the death of Mil-tor, slew Antilochus, Nestor's" sw>n, 

 in Dingle combat, and wo* himself .-lain l>y Achilles. 

 Various legends are told of his supposed rule at 

 Snsa, where he was said to have built the MTDpoli*, 

 and of his vassalage to the A \ii.ui Teutamus. 

 His corpse was removed from tlie battlefield by 

 Eos, whose early tears for her son are l>y mortals 

 called dewdrops, ami his followers the Metnnonidcs 

 were turned into birds. Memnon is cliielly a post. 

 Homeric hero, ami attained hi- greatest celebrity 

 in very late times, when the (ireeks discovered the 

 two tUKNU colossal statues of Ainenoph 111. stand- 

 ing in front of his now vanished temple on the left 

 bank of the Nile at Thelx--. and regardless of history 

 duhliod the eastern i ..... Memnon. It is an ini|>osing 

 throned figure, originally aliout 60 feet high, carved 

 in lireccia, hut broken in ancient times and repaired 

 with sandstone Mocks. Ite special | ..... uliarity, 

 which pnx-ured it the name of the 'Vocal .Memnon ' 

 and the honour of forming one of the seven wonders 

 of the world, was tin- property of emitting a metal- 

 lic sound, like the snapping of a chord, especially 

 alniut sunrise, whence the imaginative (Greeks con- 

 cluded that it was the voice of Memnon hailing his 

 nc'vly risen mother the I>awn. Considerable differ- 

 ence of opinion has prevailed as to the real cause of 

 this phenomenon, which has 1x-en variously ascribed 

 to tlii- artifice of the pri'-sts, who struck the sonorous 

 M f which the statue is composed, to the pa-s- 

 of light draughts of air through the cracks, and 

 to the sudden expansion of aqueous particles under 

 the influence of the sun's rays. This remarkable 

 cfiiality of the statue is first mentioned Icy StralM), 

 who vi-iied it in i-unpany of .l-'.liii- (iallus aliout 

 !> B.O : and upwards of a hundred inscriptions of 

 k and Koinan visitors incised upon its legs 

 I the visits of ancient travellers to hearken 

 t" Memnon when he 



Softly ulnpi Ivnrath the I.iliynn hills, 

 Where prmillnK Nile |rts liiinilnHl.galnl Thrbn, 



from the ninth year of Nero, 63 A.D., to the reign 

 of the Kni|MTor Severus. when it became silent. 

 Amongst visitors wm>-e names are recorded are 

 tin- Kui|M>mr Hadrian and his wife Sahina. Sep. 

 timius Severn* also visited the statue, and is 

 l>clievcd t4i have restored it in its present shape ; 

 for .luvenal mentions it as broken in half (iluimlin 

 mngicir rrx'iinint n/ii Mi-numm r/mn/ir), and no 

 n.,tice of it i-<Mir iindci the I'liaraohs or I'tvlcmies 

 (ee Kilinliurijh /.'. n. >/-, .lnl\ |SMi)._The name of 

 MemnonciiMi was given to the sepulchral quarter 

 of Thcl.cs. and there cie Meiniionea at Aliydos. 



lex tin- mythical Memnon two historical jier- 

 nonages of this name M ie known une a IJIiixlian 



ii.indei of the mercenaries ,,f Artabazus in the 

 war ngain-t Artaxer\<-s ( lehus. who sule<|iientl\ 

 He. don. iiml afterwards cuteiing the 



r\ ice defended I'ct-ia against Alexander 

 (3311 B.C.), anil finally died at the siege of Mitylenc 

 (333 B.f.) : the other a I ireek hi-tmian, who wrote 

 a history of llernrlein I'ontica in 16 liook*, which 

 have been epitomised by 1'hotiun. 



Memolrn. See UionKAriiv. 



Memory. See MNEMONICS, PSYCHOLOOY. 



Memory. DISKASES OF. Memor\ . or the )K,wer 

 of reproducing mental or sensory inipic--ions, is im- 



paiied by age, wounds, or injuries to tlie head or 

 MCI \ ous svsieni, fcven*. iiiteiii|M'rance, and various 

 physical conditions. It is affected in most kinds 

 of 'mental derangement, but is in :t most signal 

 manner obliterated or enfeebled in Dtiin-ntiii. Thei 

 are, however, examples of nieinorv surviving all 

 other facultiit-, and preserving a clear and exten- 

 sive notion of long and complicated series of events 

 amid general darkness and ruin of mind. Inco- 

 herence owes some of its features to defective or 

 irregular memory. Coses of so marvellous an ex- 

 altation of this faculty as where a whole parlia- 

 mentary debate could lie recalled, or a whole play 

 of Shakespeare's recited by a man at one time, 

 which would be ordinarily impossible for him, are 

 common in the lieginmng of attacks of mania, 

 and always should suggest disease. There are. 

 however, special affections of the faculty. It may 



1> suspended while the intelligence remains intact. 

 I'eiiods of personal or general history 1 may elude 

 the grasp, and even tlutt continuity of impressions 

 which goes far to constitute the feeling of personal 

 identity is broken up, and a duality or multiplicity 

 of ex|>erieiices may appear to l>e conjoined. The 

 converse of this may happen, and impressions that 

 had completely faded away may, under excitement 

 or cerebral disease, return. There are, besides, 

 states in which this power is partially affected, as 

 in the instances where the numbers 5 and 7 were 

 lost, and where a highly-educated man could not 

 retain any conception of the letter F: secondly, 

 where it is perverted, recalling images inappro- 

 priately and in an erroneous sc.|uence of order or 

 time, and different from what are desired ; ami 

 thirdly, where, while the written or printed signs 

 of ideas can IM' used, the oral or articulate .signs 

 are forgotten. Such examples of diseased memory 

 are now classified as ii/iiii.-xni. simple loss of mem- 

 ory ; niiiiii-nii- ti/i/i<i.iin. loss of memory of spoken 

 words (see APHASIA); and rimnttie OffrapMa, loss 

 of memory of written words. Most of these special 

 deviations from health depend upon morbid changes 

 in a very limited portion ' ISroca's convolution ' 

 of the 'left side of the brain. The discovery of 

 this fact by Hroca was the first of the brilliant 

 discoveries as to the localisation of function in the 

 brain cortex. See Feuchterslelicn, Mcilii-nl 1'sy- 

 i-loilogy ; and llibot, Let Maladies de la Mcmoirt 

 (1881), 



Memphis, a celebrated Kgyptian citv. situated 

 at the ape\ of the Delta, or l.owei Kgypt, the 

 ancient capital of the country, called liy^the 

 Kgypt ians Men iiffer, or 'the Good Station,' by 

 the Hebrews Mu/i/t, and by the Arabs Utay. 

 It was founded by Menes, the first monarch of the 

 1st dynasty, who,' according to Herodotus, changed 

 the In'd of the Nile, and made nn embankment loo 

 stadia alMive Memphis to protect the new city 

 against inundations, the remains of which still exUt 

 about 14 miles alove Mitiahenny, the centre of old 

 Memphis, and the site of the temple of 1't.iih. 

 Menes fortified the city, and laid the foundations 

 of the temple. The site was well chosen ; pro- 

 I alike by the Libyan and Arabian chains 

 of mountains against the river and the incursions 

 of the sand, defending the approach of the country 

 from the incursions of Asiatic nomads, and com- 

 municating with the Hed Sea and the Mediter- 

 ranean. The city, which at one time had a cir- 

 ciimference .,f l.vi i stailia, was com|isiil of two por- 

 tions one built of crude bricks, the other, on which 

 was the citadel, of calcareous stone. The palace, 

 built by Menes, was enlarged by his son Athothis, 

 and was always inhabited either by a monarch or 

 by his viccro\. Alter the (ith dynasty the city de- 

 clined in importance, and wa apparently held by 



