170 



M KX1CO 



followed by the arrival liefore that rity of the 

 allied fleet. Preparation- t.i advance at once UJMHI 

 tli- capital alarmed the provisional government. 

 ami brought ulMiut nn armUtice, with a view of 

 negotiating n trraty for tlic future regulation of 



<, ner< inl intercourse lietween Mexico nnd the 



gicat Kiiropean (lowers. This treaty \ui> drawn up 

 ami provisionally ratiliiMl l>y tin- ilill'- -'Ml com- 

 in.-iiider*. but nut confirmed on the part of Franco, 

 and consequently the French troops retained oc- 

 cupation of the Mexican territory alter the BnglMl 

 and S|utiiinnlH had ileclined t'o join in further 

 li..-tile demonstrations. In April 1862 the French 

 emperor formally declared war against the govern- 

 ment of Juarez ; hut the French never met with the 

 welcome they expected from the people, and had 

 ultimately !<> withdraw, without jiennanent 

 Miccem, in 1867 mainly because of the jealousy of 

 their action shown by the I'nited States. Maxi- 

 milian, Archduke of Austria, who had become 

 emperor of Mexico under French auspices, was 

 executed in the same year, and Juarez returned to 

 practically absolute power. For this period, see 



Cathedral, City of Mexico. 



JUAREZ and MAXIMILIAN. On the death of 

 Jimre/. in 1*7:2, the chief justice, Lerdo de Tejada, 

 a uiin-il the presidency, in which, after a revolu- 

 tion. In- wan succeeded in 1878 by I'orfirio Diaz, 

 one of the ablest of Mexican rulers. He was 

 .,(,.) in ISM. in 1S8H, and in IS'.Hi; and under 

 him tin- jMisitiou of the republic, with regard both 

 to security and to development of ite resources, 

 has steadily improved. 



See David A. Wells'* Study of Mexico (New York, 

 1887); alno Madaim- C*Mcron de U Barca, Life in 

 MexifO (1843); Itn.rkl.-hur.t, Mrtin, To-day ( 1882 ) ; 

 Ctatr... M - 1 (New York, 1882); F. A. Ober, 



Tmrrlt in Meriro ( Boiiton, 1K84 ) and JUrrican Retainer* 

 :.); Von Hesse-Wartepc, Merilm, Land u. Leute 

 (Vienna, 1890) : Mm F. C Oooch. Fan to Face with the 

 Merienn* (1890| ; and Sir Francis Deny*' Report on the 

 Finance* and Land System of Mexico (1800). An ex- 

 cellent history i.H. H. llancr.)ft' I'o>,ul,tr Hwtorvoftht 

 Mexitan People (1888); we also, besides the articles 

 < IITKH and LAS CAS AS, Ortoja's Apntt&limt A Jane* de 

 It famp-inla de Jntu en fa America Septentrional 

 ( lUnx'lona, 17M; nw ad. /Tutor ia de Nayarit. to. 

 Mexico. 18KT); Mora, Mrxien y nu Jteroliin.nirii 

 (8 roll. Paris. 18:44), and Docmmtatat ixtra In Hitlnria 

 dt MatimfM vole Mexico, l>O:i :,7 i ; I, r,l,, de Tcjadm 

 Comertio exterior de Hrxitn detie la Cimquiita hatta hoy 

 (Mexico, 18.13) ; Frort, ffutfor.v nf Mrzirn ( New Orleann, 

 U83); lUllnu'i A-Atr. land (Boston, 18UO); and HIM 

 SOMU Hale'i volume in the ' Story of the Nation*' erie 

 (1801). For the Antiquities, toe 1'resoott's Cunqutit of 



i : Ixird KingubnpiUEh'i Antimititt of Mericn (for 

 pictura-writingi and documents); HuHiboldt's Van <lrt 

 Cordillertt; Cliarnay's Attaint Citiri of (lie A'nr !!'..,/,/ 

 Oint, 1867); Stephen*' /.'i./mr< '' r,-,/ (New 

 VCIIK, 1841); E. I. Tvlor's Antihunt (1801) ; Bancroft's 

 \ntire Raeetof the Pmtife Stato (1876-761; Lewi^. II. 

 Morgan's Ancient Society (New York, 1877); Strabd's 

 Alt-Mrxiko (Hamburg, 1886-89); Penafiel'i Monumenti 

 of Mexiean Art (1890). See alao Pimentel's Hittoria 

 de la Litrratura 11 de lat Cirnciat en Mexico ( Mexico, 

 188li-08); and for Mexico a it U, hooks hy K. .1. Ilowell 

 (1892), 'A Gringo 1 (1803), and C. E. Lummis ( 18<J8 ). 



Mexico (ClTY), the capital of the republic, is 

 situated 7347 feet altove the sea, at the lowest level 

 of the great lacustrine liasin (1400 so,, m. ) of the 

 Anahuac plateau. Lake Tezcuco, the largest of 

 the six lakes that occupy thU hill-fiirt valley, and 

 amid whose waters, v enice-like, the city first 

 rose, has now retired 2J miles to the north west - 

 partly tilled up by drainage depos-it-. In the Aztec 

 citv the principal thoroughfares radiated from an 

 immense central square, in which towered the <;reat 

 temple of HuitzUopoclltli ; and this arrangement 

 is yet preserved in the modern capital. All 

 the main streets converge on 

 the Pla/a Mayor, where the site 

 of the old teocalli is occupied 

 by the no less famous cathedral 

 (1573-16o7). The walls of this im- 



r'nu buihlinj-, forming a cross 4'JO 

 203 feet, alone cost nearly 

 400,000, and the interior, with ita 

 twenty chapels and elaborate orna- 

 mentation, much i e. liuilt into 



the foot of one of the two open 

 towers (218 feet) is the famous 

 'Aztec' (Toltcc) calendar stone. 

 Facing the cathedral is the Muni- 

 cipal Palace, and on the sides of 

 the jilzii are the National Palace 

 (the old vice-re^'al residence), the 

 national Monte de Piedad, the post- 

 olhce. and the national museum. 

 Other noteworthy buildings are the 

 national picture -gallery and library, 

 the school of mines, the mint, the 

 Iturbide hotel, and the former palace 

 of the Inquisition, now a medical 

 college: and, mostly in secularised 

 ecclesiastical edifices, there are also schools of law 

 and engineering, a conservatory of music, and an 

 academy of fine arts. There are still left fourteen 

 parish and a number of other churches, including 

 the cathedral of the American Episcopal mission. 

 The principal streets are broad, clean, and well 

 paved and lighted, with houses of stone gaily 

 painted in bright colours. Among the monuments 

 of the city are the noble Columbus monument 

 (1877), the statue of Cuaiihtemot/.in, the last 

 of the Aztec emperors, and that of the engineer 

 Martinez (1883). In addition to the a/nnifda, 

 with ite stately beeches, Mexico is remarkable 

 for the extent and beauty of its mseos, or raised 

 paved roads, planted with double rows of trees, 

 which diverge far into the country from every 

 quarter; and there are still on Lakes Chalcoiind 

 Aochimilco, where a line of steamers runs, a few 

 of the floating gardens for which the ancient city 

 was so celebrated. Attempts have long been 

 made to drain the valley of Mexico. A tunnel 

 through the lowest hill's to the Tula Hivcr _(5 

 niile.s), cut in 1607-8 by Martinez, proved in- 

 sufficient, and the city was flooded from 1029 to 

 11134; and even an open cut through the moun- 

 tains (1637-67), now 10 miles long and with a 

 gteatest breadth of 361 and a greatest depth of 

 197 feet, has never entirely fulfilled its purpose. 

 Consequently, in the city, with a temperature that 

 never ranges beyond 70 and 60 F., from one 



