178 



Ml< II Ii, AN 



MICKIEWICZ 



eastward the Huronian formations, in which are tin- 

 great deposits of iron ore. Tin' Mrn> nl lang-- r- 

 of eruptive or volcanic rock, with older stratu lilted 

 upon It* sides. Farther eastward nre the long Kelts 

 of the Ixiwer Siliiriiin, curving from Green Bay 

 through the Si Mary's Peninsula. The lower 

 peninsula U coniiwred, geologically, to a next of 

 wooden dishes. It-- centre is a coal-liearing area nf 

 about 5000 w]. in., carrying, however, comparatively 

 little coal of economic value in workable place and 

 sha|>e ; though 58,090 tons were lai-ed in 1889. In 

 uccexsion lieyond, and in mighty sweeps around 

 the central tract, are the upturned edges of other 

 Carboniferous truta, then the IVvuiiian formations, 

 and finally the Lower Helderlierg group of the 

 Silurian. In the Michigan salt group are the rich 

 brine wells of the Saginaw valley ; in the Marshall 

 or Waverley are the Huron grindstones, quarried 

 on the shore of Lake Huron ; and other groups 

 yield valuable mineral product -. 



The output of salt for 1889 was 5,950,000 barrels, 

 the number of wells 254. In salt ami timber 

 Michigan leads the I'nited States, and in iron and 

 copper the world. The great Calumet and llecla 

 copper-mines, the largest operated, with perhaps 

 one exception, are on the Keweenaw Peninsula. 

 The annual copper output in 1890-95 averaged over 

 45,000 tons, of a qualilv nowhere urpMsed, and for 

 some purposes unequalled. In IsiMi, .".. S."><i, 109 long 

 tons of iron ore were mined, mainly in Mar<|uette 

 county. Some gold is found in the upper penin- 

 sula, and silver and lead in small amounts. (>>p 

 sum appears in immense de|Misits at Grand Kapi'l-, 

 in the lower peninsula, where 19,823 tons of lanil- 

 plaster ami 200,380 barrels of stucco were produced 

 in 1889. Building stones abound in both penin- 

 sulas, and in the upper there are also statuary and 

 other marbles, and such ornamental stones as 

 agates, jasper, chalcedony, chlorastolites, and 

 others. Glass sand is found in the extreme south- 

 east of the state ; and lime, brick, tiles, and the 

 like are made easily and cheaply in many parts. 

 Of the many mineral spring* nineteen have IM-.-., un- 

 popular resorts, and the waters of four have a com- 

 mercial value. 



Lumbering is the second great industrial interest 

 of the state. The forests of northern Michigan are 

 mostly pine, much of it, as the cork pine, of superior 

 quality and greatly in demand ; and for many 

 years the luuibcr product has been enormous. In 

 I890~'.l."> it was: lumber, 5,500,000 feet ; shingles, 

 M.INIII.IKIII.IXN) a year. In places this industry 

 is beginning to decline, from the extensive destruc- 

 tion of the forests. Oilier leading manufactories, 

 in order, are grist-mills, foundries and machine- 

 shops, iron and steel works, ami those of agricul- 

 tural implement- and of furniture. Itnt agricul- 

 ture remains tin* chief industry, employing alniut 

 half the population. This is one of the greatest 

 wheat states, it* average yield ]>eracre 19^ bushels. 

 The ne\t most impoiMiit CIOIMI are maize, oats, 

 and barley ; and in the ' fruit l-lt,' a narrow strip 

 of aliout JOO miles in length on the shore of Lake 

 Michigan, jx-ache-, plum-, grapes, nnd other fruits 

 are grown in great i|iiantity. It ranks among the 

 UM in the production of wool ; the vieid of 

 scoiir.il wool in 1S1IS was 4.102,377 IV 



The commerce of the state is very great, and is 

 promoted liy three ship canals one among the 

 hallows at the head of l^ike St Clair, another 

 near the head of St Maiy' Hiv.-i. at the Saiilt de 

 8tfl Marie, and another on the Keweenaw IViiin- 

 ula, known as the portage Lake Canal. For the 

 year ending .lune :tii. 1896, the import- at Detroit 

 amininte : ; 1113; dome-tie e\]Nirt, altout 



66,000,0(10; foreign export*. $50,<IOO. There are 

 i IM.II -of entry, at Port Huron, Grand 

 H.u en, and Maniuettc. The railways in the state 



have about 8000 miles of track, and reach nearly 

 every "lie of the eighty -three counties. Popular nml 

 higher education has been liberally developed, nml 

 I he illiterates form only 4 ]>er cent, of the popula- 

 tion. llcsides the state university at Ann Arlmi. 

 there are nine denominational colleges, a stale 

 normal school at Ypsilanti, a mining school at 

 Maniuettc ; the agricultural, the school for the 

 blind, and reform school for Kovs at Lansing ; the 

 deaf and dumb institute at Flint, an industrial 

 home for girls at Adrian, anil a school for neglected 

 ami dependent children at Coldwater. Oilier prin- 

 cipal state charities are four asylums for the insane, 

 an asylum for insane criminals, and the Soldier-' 

 Home at Grand Kapids. Then- arc state pii-nn- 

 at Jackson and MarquetU:, and houses of correction 

 al Detroit, Mar<|iieUP, and Ionia. 



History. The Michigan country was probably 

 visited by Jean Nicolct in Id." I, at the Saiilt de 

 Ste Marie, where the first permanent white settle- 

 ment was made by Father Mar<|iietie in IlitiS fora 

 lesiiit mission. Detroit was founded in 1701 by a 

 French colony under Cadillac. The country paed 

 to the English in 1760, and to the I'nited States in 

 171MJ; it was again occupied by Great Britain in 

 1812, but was recovered by the Americans the next 

 year. It formed a l>art of the North west territory, 

 erected in 1787 ; iiccaine a part of the Indiana 

 territory in 1802, was organised as Michigan terri- 

 tory in 1805, and admitted as a state in lv"7. 

 Pop. ( 1800) 551 ; ( 1840) 212,267 ; ( 1880) l,636,'.i::7, 

 including 7249 Indians; (1890) 2,093,889; (1900) 

 2,420,982. Detroit (285,704) has always been the 

 chief city: Grand Kapids (S7.565) is second, and 

 Saginaw'i |-J.:U.~>> third. Other cities an- Saull Ste. 

 Marie, Mari|iiette, I'.ay Citv, Mtiskegon, Jackson, 

 Kalamazoo, Port Huron, Battle Creek, Lansing 

 (the capital), West Bay City, Manistee, Ishpeming, 

 Mi-nominee, Flint, Ann Arbor, Adrian, &c. See 

 .1. M. Cooley, Michigan (Boston, 1885). 



clUil City, a city of Indiana, on Lake 

 Michigan, 38 miles" by water (57 by rail) ESK. of 

 Chicago. It has a good harbour, contains a col ; 

 a state prison, and railway-shops, and manufac- 

 tures cars, refrigerators, furniture, boots, &c. Pop. 

 (1890) 10,770; (1900) 14,850. 



ADAM, the greatest of Polish 

 poets, wits born near Novogrodek in Lithuania 

 ( Minsk), on 24th Decetnlier 17!'S, and educated at 

 Yilno. In 1822, whilst teaching Polish literature 

 at Kovno, be |inblislied his lirst collection of IHHMIIS, 

 full of the inspirations of Polish national life. 

 Two years litter he was banished to the interior of 

 KII ia for being concerned in the formation of a 

 students' secret society. In 1H-2.") he paid a visit 

 to the Crimea, whose Ix-auties he celebrated in 

 a series of e\c|iii-ius sonnets. Before (putting 

 Ittissja in 1829 he published three epic poi 

 li^ini/i/ (182327), on tin- religions comniemora- 

 tious of their ancestors by the Slav races, and 

 Kmirml Witllcnrod ( 1828 ; Kng. trans. 1841 ) and 

 ilroziiiin (1827), the last two drawn from the 

 struggle Ix-tween the Lithuanians tuul the Knights 

 of tiie Teutonic Order, and Isith glowing with 

 patriotic feeling. From llrr--ia Mickiewicz passed 

 through (iermany (where he visited (JcM-tbe and 

 awakeucil the old Olympian's warm admiration ) 

 and France to Italy and Home. In 1834 appeared 

 his ma-terpiece, the epic poem Pun Tadtuxz ( Master 

 Thaddeus ; Eng. trans. 1880) a most admirable 

 delineation of Lithuanian customs and manners, 

 traditions, ideas, and licliefs, and Lithuanian 

 character, including line poetical descriptions of 

 the gh ..... iy pri ..... val forests and of the scenery 

 of the country. After teaching for a while at 

 Lausanne, Mickiewic/. was appointed profe-sor of 

 tin- Slavonic Literatures at Paris in 1840; but three 



