190 



MI i. FOIL 



MILITARY SCHOOLS 



After the conquest of Lydia by the elder Cyrus 

 Milc-iii- submitted i.i Persia ; lull in .VH) n.c. it was 

 stiinil up t<> rrlirlliiiii against the Persians. Six 

 \.-.ii- i I'.-i Darius liesiegi-d the cily, stormed it, 

 ptuderad it. massacred must of its inhabitant*, 

 ami banished the -urtivont to the mouth of the 

 Tigiis. Afterwards the city was rebuilt, hut never 

 Kacunired it for ..... r Importance, although iu 

 peopM fiii-tiated tin- attempt of the Athenians to 

 compel their allegiance, and dared to n->ist Alex- 

 ander till lie st< H med the city. It kept the rank 

 of a second-rate commercial town dim M to the lime 

 of I'liny, ami was finally ruined by the Turks. 

 Mili'liis was tlie hirthplace of the philosopher 

 Thale-, Anaximaiider, and Anaxiinenes, and ol 

 the historians Cadmus and Hecata-us. Short tales, 

 mostly in dialogue, and of a witty and olwcene 

 character. were greatly in vogue amongst the 

 Greek)* under the name of ' Milesian tales.' 



Milfoil, a name applied to several kinds of 

 plants a* the Common Milfoil (Arhillea mille- 

 MIIIIII), the HiMMJeil Milfoil ( l'tricnl<iri), anil the 

 Water Milfoil (Myntfkftktm). The first-named 

 is invariably andentood hy the term when it is 

 used without any qualifying adjective. The plant 

 belongs to the natural order Composite. It is one 

 of the commonest of Hritish plants, and is very 

 abundant in Kuro|>e and Russian Asia from the 

 Mliteiianeaii to the Arctic Circle, ami extends 

 o\er a (rreat pint of North America. The plant 

 i- medicinal, iM-iiig mildly aromatic, tonic, and 

 stimulant; and yields tnniiin, a hitter extractive, 

 a volatile oil, and an acid called achilleic arid. 

 In Sweden the plant is employed as a substitute 

 for hops in the making of beer. 



Ililfonl. a parliamentary liorough < contributory 

 to Pembroke) and seaport of South Wales, in the 

 county of Pembroke, is idcasantly situated on the 

 north side of Milford Haven, alwut 7 miles IINK 

 of St Ann's Head, and (hy rail) 271 miles \\ . of 

 London. The town itself," which, with 500 acres 

 of adjoining land, has Iwen acquired hy a company 

 as lessees for 999 years, presents no features of 

 [tend : the Haven, which as a natural harliour 

 is uneipialhil both in area, complete shelter, and 

 facility of entrance, being hy far the greater altia. 

 tion. Stretching inland so'me 10 miles, it varies 

 in hreadth from 1 to nearly 2 miles, and has a 

 depth in most places of from 15 to 19 fathoms 

 even at low water spring-tides there IM-IIIX u mini- 

 mum depth of 8 fathoms whilst commanding all 

 its lower reaches are several batteries, all an ..... I 

 with heavy guns, thus securing I'embroke as well 

 lilford from any seaward attacks. In UN.") the 

 Earl of Hichiuond (afterwards Henry VII.) dis- 

 embarked here from Brittany shortly before the 

 bailie of llosworth. Docks designed' by Sir E. J. 

 Reed, and capable of accommodating vessels of 

 the Urgent size, were completed in IH.S'2, hut not 



Xned to shipping until 'Jl-t SeptemlH-r ISSN: 

 ir total area is OH acres, and the depth of water 

 in-ide 28 feet. Despite their construction, how- 

 ever. the ti.idc of the p, )r t has as yet, apart from 

 tin- increasing passenger and cattle tiallic with 

 the Irish IHM-IM of Cork ami Walerford, made hut 

 ule pro-re.,,; l,,|i , t i, r ,i|Msal to run a fast line of 

 il 



i, between Milford and Labrador has met 

 with i onsidrrable success. 1'op. ,'i.').'U. 



Milforil. a town <,f Massachusetts, ,T(1 miles \V. 

 - "I Ihiston, with Ixiot-factoricM. Top. Il,:t7(i. 



Military Frontier. s. CII,,ATIA. 

 Military Law. s. MARTIAL LAW, COURT- 



MAKTI.U.. and Ml IIXV. 



Military Orders, relit-iousaiwociations whose 

 miMiilN-i-i united 111 IbtmeUVM the double characters 

 of monk and knight. These order* arose alimit the 



period of the Crusades, the lii-l to lie formed lieing 

 the HospitaJletl (<\.\.). Their piimary duties were 

 to tend sick pilgrims at Jerusalem, aftei wards to 

 protect them also on their way to the holy cily. 

 The order of the Templars (q.v.) soon followed : 

 their pur|tone was to protect pilgrims, a duty to 

 which was afterwards added that of guarding' the 

 Temple at Jerusalem. The orders- of Alcantara, of 

 Calatrava, ami of Santiago of I he Sword, in Spain, 

 hail for their immediate object the defence of their 



country and er 1 against the Moors. These 



orders, as well as thai of Si llennet of Avi/ in Por- 

 tugal, which was- instituted with a similar \iew, 

 differed from (he Templars and the Knights ol 

 John (Hospitallers) in that their members wen- 

 permitted to marry. The same privilege 

 enjoyed in the Savoyard order of Knights of st 

 Maurice, and the Bavarian order of St Huheit. 

 On the contrary, the Teutonic- Kni^hls (<j.v.), 

 who had their origin in the Crusades, but 

 afterwards made the south-east and east shores 

 of the Baltic the theatre of their activity, were 

 iMiund by an absolute vow of chastity. These 

 icligiotis associations have mostly been *aliolished 

 or have fallen into disuse, thongli some still sub- 

 sist as orders of knight hoo.l. Sec lierlollch. tVf.vr/1. 

 i/i' i- i/eistl. Genossentchaften (1888), and Lawrence- 

 Archer, Tin <>,i/,rsofV/itvalry (1888). 



Military Schools in connection with the 

 British army are of three classes. First, the Hoyal 

 Military Asylum (Duke of York's School )' at 

 Chelsea, and the Itoyal llil>eiiiian Military School, 

 I 'ulilin. where the sons of soldiers who have died 

 in the service receive a general education free of 

 charge, and may or may not afterwards enter the 

 army. The commandants of these establishments 

 are ollicers of the army, hut the masters arc 

 civilians. Secondly, the Royal Military Academy, 

 Woolwich, the lioyal Military College.' Sandhill-'), 

 and the Army Medical School at Netley, where 

 gentlemen (pialify for commissions by undergoing 

 special instruction. Thirdly, those establishments 



where odiceis. non-coi issioned otlieers, or men, 



already in the sen ice, receive technical instruction 

 in various branches of military art \ i/. the Stall' 

 College at Camberley, the School of (Mimicry at 

 Shoeburyness (the Artillery College), the School of 

 Military Engineering at Chatham, the School of 

 Musketry at Hythe, the School of Gymnastic 

 Instruction, the Schools of Signalling" and of 

 Kange finding, the Army Veterinary School, and 

 I he School f,,i Auxiliary Cavalry, all at Aldei-hot ; 

 a similar school for other auxiliary forces .-it Wel- 

 lington llnrracks, London ; and the" Hoyal Military 



s ' I I of Music at Kneller Hall,' llounslow 7 . 



All are umb-i otlieers of the army, and, with very 

 few exceptions, the stall of instructors arc also 

 olliccrs or seigeaiils. Those under instruction join 

 the schcMiU for periods vaiying from a month to 

 two years, ami then rejoin I heir regiments. The 

 following u a description of the move important of 

 ihesi- esiablishnn-Mis : the Hoyal Military Academy, 



Woolwich, is described at AIM II. 1. 1 1^ . 



The Hoyal .\lilitarv College at Sandhurst, in 

 Rcrkshire, :> miles SSK. of Wokingfaam, and 33 

 \VS\V. of London, was established in 1858 hy 

 i lemodclling of the .lunior Department of the 

 Itoyal Military College (transferred hither from 



Cieal Maih.w in IHl'J), in order to give a sound 

 Military education to youths destined to receive 



commissions in the British army. The age of 

 jdmMea was Iwtwecn sixteen and nineteen. 

 In production of satisfactory certificates ,,,{ 



refeiei s. H youth's name was permitted by the 



ommanilei inchief to he placed on the list of 



candidates for the entrance examination. Tin -e 

 xamimitions were held half-yearly, and the list of 



subjects included English composition, modern 



