196 



MILL 



of this cam a sieve formed of silk-gauze is 

 suspended l>y springs from the top of the case, and 

 is made to oscillate liy means of a crank. A re- 

 volving fan is placed at the top of the machine. 

 which drawn air through the meshes of the si.-M-. 

 the current of air licing so regulated tlmt tin- hranny 

 particles are cither curried nwuy hy tli- draught to 

 a suitable receptacle, or are kept suspended on the 

 top of the sieve until they are curried over tin- end 

 <>f it, while the heavier Hour (granules fill through 

 the sieve. This ty|>e of macnine is alwavs uued 

 for the smaller sizes of middling It is the dust 

 drawn from these machines hy the fans that, when 

 mixed in a certain proportion with air and acci- 

 dentally ignited, \\.i.-~ caused several very serious 

 explosions in flour-mills. In consequence of this, 

 whereon it was formerly usual to send this dust- 

 laden air to a large chamber where the dust was 

 allowed to settle hv its own weight, and where the 

 explosions generally occurred, within recent years 

 many ingenious contrivances called 'dust collectors' 

 have Ix-cn invented for separating the dust in small 

 quantities, and thus minimising i he danger. These 

 are now generally nsed. The middluigB. after 

 being thoroughly cleaned (hy repetition of the pro- 

 cess when neccusary ), are ground between smooth 

 chilled-iron rollers and the product sifted; the Hour 

 thus produced is of line quality, and is usually 

 called 'patent' Hour. Millstones may still he 

 profitably employed to grind the finest sizes of 

 middlings, hut this is the only use to which they 

 are put in a modern mill. 



Fig. 2 represents one type of cylinder nsed for 

 sifting (technically, 'dressing') the products in 

 flour manufacture, to which we have several times 

 bad to refer. These cylinders are of two kinds., 



Fig. 2.- Centrifugal Dresung BeeL 



the ordinary ' reel ' or cylinder Ix-ing a framework 

 covered round with wire-cloth or silk -gauze, and 

 made to rotate, thus setting in motion the m 

 closed material. The other type is called a 'centri- 

 fugal die-sin;;' machine (see fig. - '. In thin 

 III.K liine, ill addition to the rotating cylinder, 

 there is a frame with long pieees of W<HH| or iron 

 attached, made to revolve independently inside the 

 cylinder. Ity this means the material is thrown 

 gainst the rirciimfi-rcncc of the cylinder, so that 

 a much smaller surface is reipiired than in the 

 ordinary reel to do the same amount of work. 

 The 'Plansichtcr,' introduced in r,udn|>cst in 1888, 

 which, as it* name implies, is a horizontal sic\ <. 

 luw a flpw-ial contrivance for keeping the material 

 in million, and the mealies clear. This machine 

 has made considerahle progress in Hungary, hut it 

 It an yet too early to predict that it will supersede 

 tbe cylindrical ' dressing ' machines. Almost all 

 mmlcrn mills are constructed on what is termed the 

 automatic sy-tem, which means that all tin 1 convcy- 

 ! of the material from one point in the mill to 

 done hy mechanical mean* ; so that of 



tbe great hulk of the flour it may IK; said that it is 

 III-VIT sto|i|M'd or touched on its journey from tin- 

 time it leaves the wheat sack until it reaches the 

 Hour sack. The conveyer generally used to mo\e 

 material in a horizontal direction is a helical screw 

 (sometimes called an Archimedean screw); and to 

 lift to a higher level Elevators (q. v. ) are used. 



See Fairbftirn, Jftai<iiuiAfttf-wr*(lH7H) ; Kick. Flaur- 

 mtnufarturr (trans. 1878) ; Voller, Modern flnvr Milltmj 

 (1889) ; Bennett ami Kltou, Hittory of Corn UMinj ( 18U8). 



Lit mill,: 'a thousand'), in the I'mL-d 



, j- id.' t.'iuli part of a ceiii. the llionsiinlth 

 part of a dollar. As a coin it has no existence. 



Mill, JAMES, was the son of a shoemaker, and 

 was I torn in Logie-Pert parish, near Montrose. > 

 land, 6th April 1773. He studied, with a view to the 

 church, at the university of Edinburgh, win-re he 

 distinguished himself in (Meek and in Moral and 

 Metaphysical Philosophy. He was licensed to preach 

 in 1798; but instead of following out the ministry, he 

 went to London in 1802, where he settled as a literal y 

 man. He became editor of the Literary .Iniirinil, 

 which after a time was discontinued -, ami wrote for 

 various periodicals, including the Krl ,<><< and the 

 Edinburgh Rr.rieie. In 1H()6 he commenced his 

 Hi.itury of British India, which he carrieil on along 

 with other literary work, and published in the 

 winter of 1817-18. The impression piodnced hy 

 this masterly history on the Indian authorities was 

 such, that, in 1819, the Court of Directors of the 

 Company appointed him to the high (Mist of Assist- 

 ant-examiner of Indian Correspondence, notwith- 

 standing the then unpopularity of his well-known 

 radical opinions. The business assigned to his care 

 was the revenue department, which Tie continued to 

 superintend till four years liefore his death, when 

 he was ap|M>intcd head of the examiner's olliee, 

 where he hod the control of all the departments 

 of Indian administration - political, judicial, and 

 financial managed hv the Secret Committee of the 

 Court of Ilitei'tnrs. Shortly after his appointment 

 to the India House, he contributed the articles on 

 (iovcrnmiMit, Education, Jurisprudence. Law of 

 Nations, l.ilicrty of the Press, Colonies, and Prison 

 1 li-cipline to the Encyclopaedia Britnnnica. These 

 essays were reprinted in a separate form, and 



became widely known. The powers of analysis, of 

 clear statement, and of the thorough going appli- 

 cation of principles, exhibited in these articles, had 



probably never In-fore been brought to bear on that 

 class oi subjects. In Ivji _>_> he published his 

 l-'.liiii'iit.s nf I'lililii-iil l-'.i-niii-inii, a work prepaid! 

 primarily with a view to the education of his eldest 

 son, John Stuart Mill. In IvJ'.i his Aiin/i/xi.t nf 

 tin- Iliumm Mint/ appealed. His lost published 

 liook was the t'l'iujuu nt mi Mm-kintmh. brought out 

 in 1835. He was also a contributor to the II'. ' 

 iiiinxtrr Review and to the Linnlun H, dm; which 

 merged in the Lnnilmi inn! \\',:\liiiiniil,'r. 



Not long after be settled iii London, he made the 

 acquaintance of Ji-rcmy Itcntham, and for a numlier 

 of years lived during tlie suinnu-r in Itontham's 

 country hotiw. Although he must have derived 

 much ^x-nelit from his intercourse with the great 

 law icformcr, he was not a mere .disciple of Men I ham, 

 lint a man of profound and original thought. a~ well 

 as of great reading, in all tbe departments of moral, 

 mental, and political philosophy. His conversation 

 was impressive to a remarkable degree, and he gave 

 a p.i\M-rful intellectual stimulus to a nnmbei of 

 young men, some of whom (including his own son, 

 and dote, the historian of 1 1 recce) have since 

 risen to eminence. He took a leading part in the 

 founding of I'nivfrsity College, London. He died 

 at Kensington, 2.'{d June 1836. 



See the Autobiography of J. 3. Mill ; and Profouor 

 Bain's Jama MM (1882). 



