202 



MILLIARD 



MILNE-EDWARDS 



of Chcrliourg to grant an annuity to iiiil his pupil 

 in hi* studies, tin- -inn being afterwards Mpme- 

 mcMicd I iy the council of [M Manclio. In 18JJ7 

 Millet ciu'ne to Paris, ami worked in the studio of 

 I'.iul IMiiroche, learning, however, more from his 

 studvof tin- work- <if Muchalangeto, 1'oussin, Cor- 

 le.jgi,), and the Venetian-. Nc\t lie |i:iinteil nnil 

 drew in pastels little subjects in the popular style of 

 Boucher anil Wattcaii, soiling them to the dcaleis 

 fur a few f rancs ; and in 1H40 a iiortrait which he 

 sent to the salmi wa- MMSBted ami hung. In 

 the name vear he returned to Normandy, where 

 lie painted portraits anil even signboards. In 

 1S41 he was again ill Paris; anil he .struggled 

 hanl amid the revolutionary troubles that fol- 

 lowed to maintain himself and hi- family hy hi- 

 art. In 1*4S he fought at the bftrrkadec Of the 

 (^nattier Itoclie-chouart ; and in the following 

 year he settled in Barbizon, near the FHK--I 

 of Fontainebleau, along with Charles Jariiue, 

 and there made the acquaintance of Theodore 

 Hous-eaii. At liarhizon, where he remained for 

 the rest of hi- days, living much like the peasants 

 around him, he began in good earnest to paint the 

 life of rustic Fiance, entering on hi- task with a 

 sympathetic power such as no other jMiintcr has 

 shown. Here the famous ' Sower ' was- completed 

 in I85O, in liiih. however, from recollections of 

 Normandy. In IS.M his ' Peasants Crafting' won 

 Gautier's praise, and was bought hy an American 

 for 4000 francs. It was followed by ' The Gleaners ' 

 in 18.->7, ' The Angelus'l 1859), ' Waiting' and 'The 

 Sheep -hearers ' (1861), 'The Man with the Hoe' 

 and Women Carding' (ls(i:fi, ' Shepherdess and 

 Flock ' ( 1864 ), works in which, without any depar- 

 ture from the most absolute truth, he imparted a 

 largeness and a pathetic dignity to his figures of 

 '!i" men and women who lalioar in the fields, and 

 to their environments of ordinary nature. In 

 addition to paintings, he produced many charcoal 

 drawings of a very high Duality, and he etched a 

 few plates. All hi- lite long he struggled against 

 the pre ure of poverty, though he was awarded 

 medals at the salons of 185,'iaiid 1864, and a lir-t 

 class medal at the I 'an- International K\liiliition 

 of 1867, when lie also received the riblion of the 

 Legion of Honour. He died at Barhixon, 20th 

 January 1875. Since his death he ha- Ijccn fully 

 recognised as one of the greatest of French painters ; 

 and the product ions of his brush have realised vei v 

 large puces. At the Sccrctan sale in Paris, in 

 ' his most celebrated picture, 'The Angelus,' 

 wild along with the government commission of 

 5 net cent. for fiJ.'jai ; it was afterwards ex- 

 hiliited for a year in the United States. 



See worki on Millet hy 1'iediignel (1876), Sender 

 ( Kng. trail*. 1HS1 ). YriiirU- 1 1HH4 ), M.-nnrd I IS'.KI ). Kogrr- 

 Jlilw IN'.t.'i ;]>. r. riiiiiniuin. Thr littH,i:im School ( 18'JO); 

 ml hi* IJfc nnd letter* liv.luli.i Cartwright (18UC). 



Milliard, the French collective name for a 

 tliTi-.ind millions: familiar in connection with the 

 live milliard- of trance i .MHX) millions of francs, or 

 2OO.OOO,000| paid by France us war indemnity to 



'iany in 1871-73 (see FRANCE, Vol. IV. p. 7s:t i. 



Milloin. a town of Cnmlicrland, on the west 



fide of the Diiddon estuary, .'( miles ,SSE. of 



Whitohaven. It has mines and ironworks. Top. 



( I8.1I ) 1070 ; ( 1881 ) 6228 ; (1801) 8895. 



Mlllport. SeeCUMBRAK. 



Mill-tour lirlt. See CARBONIFEROUS SYS- 

 TKM. and Ml 1. 1.. 



Milniaii. MI:NRY HART, dean of St Paul's, 

 poet and eoclwiaitiral historian, was the yom 

 son of Sir Francis Milman ( I74C> 1821 ), I'lhysieian 

 to <;...,rgp III., and was liorn in London, 10th 

 February ITI'l. He was e<lucatd at (ireenwich 

 under Iir liurney, at Eton, and at Urasenose 



College. OxfV.rd, where ill 1812 he won the Newdi- 

 gate with hi- /,V/W./r .lf,i,lin, the liest of all 

 Oxford |iri/e ]KM>ms. In IM.'i he was elected a 

 fellow; in IMD a- ordained priest, and aii|Miint. d 

 \ii-ar of St Marys, Heading; from 1N21 to l^.'tl 

 wa- piofcs- or of 1'iH'try at Oxford, where in lv_7 

 he delivered the Hampton Lectures, on The Chtir- 

 <ii-lt i- unit film/art i if t/if A/innt/fx rumidered us an 

 J:'i-ii/enre of Christianity ; in I83."> hccanie rector of 

 St Mary's, Westminster, and a canon of AVY-t- 

 minster ; and in 1S41 was promoteil to the deanery 

 of St Paul's. He died at Sunninghill. near Ascot, 

 24th Septemlier 1868, and w.-us hurie<l in St Paul's. 



The collected edition of ]>r Milman's I'm-naand 

 Iti-iiiiiutii- \\~nrk.i (:t vols. 18.'t9) comprises Fttzio, a 

 Tragedy (1815), which, without hi- con-cut, was 

 acted first at Bath, and then in 1818 at Covent tiar- 

 den. with Charles Kemble and Mi-.-O'Ncil in the 

 leading parts ; Sumur, Lonl <>f t/n- Jli-iif/it ' 'i/n, mi 

 I,,,-',,,- ,,,,,-M ( 1818) ; The FauqfJenaab , i 1820), 

 a lieantifnl dramatic ]ioem, with some line sacred 

 lyrics intei-spci -<-d : three other dramas, Tin- Mai-ti/r 

 of Antioch (1822), ]:<-/.t/i<i;xir (1822), and Anne 

 Jloleyn (1826); and .\/<i mul liiiinni/niili. iritfi 

 ullii-r 1'nems truiialiilril from tin Sunx/;rit (Is;j4). 

 Forgotten as a whole, the poems live, nnd will 

 Ihe, through three or four much prized hymns 

 'When our heads are liowed with woe,' 'Brother, 

 thou art gone liefore us,' and ' Hide on, ride on in 

 Majesty.' The complete edition of Dean Milman's 

 Hiflonedl ll'i7.-. (15 vols. i8t-7) include- his 



llixlury of the Jrn-.i ( IS'J!) ), llixtnrii nf < 7<i'ixt,<niity 

 li> the Alio/itiiiii nf 1'iii/iinixiii in lln U'liiniii Jtiiijrire 

 ( 1SKI), and ffittory "f I.nlin I'liristiiinitii to the 

 r,i>iti(ir<itf lit tficAofat I'. ( 1854-56). The last 'a 

 complete epic and philosophy of mifliirval Christen- 

 dom ' is MilinaiiV masterpiece : it is really a great 

 work, great in all the' essentials of history sub- 

 ject, style, and research. But, though vastly in- 

 ferior. the Iliiitiu-ii nl tin .li-irx was in a way more 

 ini]Mirtant. For 'it was,' in Dean Stanley's words, 

 ' the first decisive inroad of German theology into 

 F.nglund ; the lirst |ialjnili!c indication that the 

 Bible "could he stuilieil like another hook ;" that 

 the characters and events of the sacred hi-toiy 

 could IH> treated at once critically and reverently.' 

 Milman also edited (iililmn and Horace, nnd wrote 

 much for the (,>i'nrtii /</ /.'.//.//. After his death 

 appeared the delightful . I mils nf ,SY Paul's Ctilln'- 

 </i-iil (18C8), and ^iiriiiiiini/ii, i'.rm- iniix, niul utln-r 



0). See an article hy Dean Stanley in 

 Mm-iiiilliiii's Miiiiu-.inc for January 1869. 



.Milii'-Kln:ir(ls. HI;M:I, naturalist, was bom 

 ,-it Bruges, 2:M OetolM-r I8(K). His father was an 

 Englishman. Milne F.dwards studied medicine at 

 Paris, where he took his degree of M.D. in 1823, 

 but devoted himself to natural hi-toiy. After 

 having for many years taught natural history at 

 the College de Ili'ini IV.. he was elected in 1888 

 mcmlicr of the Academic dcs Sciences in the place 

 of Cuvier. In 1841 he tilled the chair of Ento- 

 mology at the .lardin des Plantes, and in IS44 

 1 ..... MIIIC a l-o professor of /oology and Physiology. 

 He was a meml>er of the Academic de Mc.lccinc, 

 and of most of the learned academic- of F.urojx 1 and 

 America, and held several orders amongst others, 

 since 1861, that of Commander of the Legion of 

 Honour. He published numerous original memoirs 

 of importance in the Anuii/rx '. >.>,< .\ntur- 

 a journal he him-elf as-i-tcd in editing for 

 lifty years. His /-.'A ,n, /,/.% ,/, /.mlniiir ( 18.S4 ), when 

 rei tied in IK."il as <'"i/i:\ I'.'.i < ulinn ilc Zoo- 

 /mill-, had an enormous circulation at home and 

 abroad, and long formed the basis of most minor 

 manuals of zoology published in F.urope. His 

 lliit.iirr \iit,inlli- /,-* Cntttoett I 1 S.'U 40 1 and 

 Ilistiiirr. \ntitrctle dts Corallinii-ix I Is.";; 60) were 

 almost equally noteworthy. The Lectures on the 



