MISSIONS 



tin- rest I iv this, that it is simply a missionary 

 institute. Other churches make their mi. ionary 

 work sulmrdinate to their pa-tmal functions; tlic 

 Moravians or Uiiitia t'ratrum have long regarded 

 tin- conduct of minions as tlie enU of tlieir liciiig. 

 There U not in tlir history of Imni.-in enterprise a 

 more interesting chapter than tliat which relates 

 the missionary works of the Moravian- from their 

 first lieu-innings in St Thomas and in Ureeiiland to 

 their latest undertaking in the Tibetan llima- 

 l.i\ M 



^to William Carey belongs the high distinction 

 of having been the lirst to inculcate effectually 

 ' upon British 1'iotestants the duty and the privi- 

 lege of missions, and the first English Protes- 

 tant to engage personally in the work. He and 

 his coadjutors were noble men, and had to contend 

 not only with heathen prejudices, but also with 

 the timid policy of the rulers of India. The battle 

 which fell to them to light had to IKJ fought once 

 for all ; and it is due to their singular discretion 

 and their inflexible determination that it was 

 fought so well. These men made Serampore a 

 ic spot, and amid all the changes, material 

 and spiritual, which have come over India in Xhese 

 last years, and the greater changes which a near 

 future will certainly effect, the names of Carey 

 and Marshnian ami Ward will be held in ever- 



S -owing veneration. Carey went to India in 17'J3 ; 

 enry Martyn's lalmurs lay between 1805 and 

 181*2. In 1795 the London Missionary Society 

 was formed, and began its work by the despatch 

 to the South Seas of the ship Duff with a large 

 body of missionaries. For a long time the mission 

 was not successful ; but after a time it met with 

 great success, and now there are many of the islands 

 in which heathenism has long been extinct. The 

 I. mdon society cordially welcomed numerous fellow- 

 labourers from England, Scotland, (icrmanv, and 

 America, and most generously consen ted to a division 

 of the islands which they could not have been much 

 blamed if they had claimed as their own. It may 

 be noted in passing that these small islands have 

 contributed to a disproportional extent to the 

 enrichment of missionary literature. It is part 

 of the common creed of mankind that truth is 

 stranger than fiction, but is not generally so 

 attractive. Yet in our day there have not appeared 

 in ire fascinating books than Willianis's Mistwniiry 

 Kntrriirixi-i, Mi" Voice's life of Bishop Patteson, 

 and Mr I'aton's narrative of his own work and that 

 of 1m brethren in the New Hebrides. 



The societies of the Church of England are the 

 Society for the Propagation of the (iospcl. High 

 Church ( 1701 ), and the Church Missionary Society 

 (1799). The English Nonconformists are repre- 

 sented in the mission-Held all over the world by 

 a.-ent, of the London (I7'.I5), the Baptist (1799), 

 and the Wesleyan Missionary Societies (1817). 

 The Americans are not behind in the good work. 

 The American Board of Missions (1810) and the 

 American Presbyterian Board are great organisa- 

 tions, whose agents are doing most ellcctive work 

 in many Holds; while the Baptists have good reason 

 to rejoice in their Burmese Mission (1813). The 

 Methodist Episcopal Church came more recently 

 into the field < Islil), but set about its work with 

 eharacterisi ic energy, /enana missions are a special 

 department of Indian missions. The efforts of the 

 Salvation Army (i|.v. ) in the foreign lield deserve 

 mention. Missions to the Jews have a peculiar 

 interest for many Christians ; and home missions 

 are an integral part of church work at In 



The Evangelical liody in (Jermanv is, in propor- 

 tion to its strength, most creditably evangelistic. 

 By means of many institutions they have trained 



nnd sent forth a large number of missionaries, - 



f whom have been men of extensive scholar- 



ship, but the greater proportion men of 



piety, able and willing to endure baldness, as 

 good soldiers of Jesus Christ. The Kationali-iic 

 party in (Germany have not shown much wal in 

 the mission cause. 



The Scottish missions differ from the others in 

 this, that they are conducted by the churches as 

 such, without the intervention of societies. The 

 Established, the K roe, and the United l're.-i.\ terian 

 Churches have extensive missions in India. Africa, 

 China, the South Seas, and Japan. The English 

 Presbyterian Church has an extensive and 

 cessful mission in China. The l'resh\ teiian Uxlies 

 cherish the memories of Duff and Wilson and 

 Anderson in India, and of William Burns and 

 Carstairs Douglas in China. 



The following table, based on the calculations 

 of the American Board, ill give an idea of the 

 extent of Christian missions (other than Uoinati 

 Catholic) in 1890. 



c,u,u.. "-gar 



Great Britain 23 



America So 



Germany and ) ., 



Switzerland f " 



Other European ) 



Countries { 



Total 78 6440 2,448,629 l,B7l,309 



The Church Missionary Society's income is more 

 than twice that of any other English society. 



21153 

 2127 



M 



' I 

 "/ 



742,832 

 344,769 



cattiM 



143,423 

 23,4*7 



1 



by the various lx>dies is essentially one, 



course, modified by circumstances. Of 



years 'medical missions' have been found to lie a 



The mode of carrying on missionary operations 



i, though, nl" 

 recent 

 years ' 



valuable, and in some cases an indispensable, 

 adjunct to the other agencies. The missions of 

 the Scottish churches have employed education as 

 an evangelistic ]>ower to a greater extent than the 

 other bodies. Such institutions as the Christian 

 College at Madras, the mission station at Hlant \ re, 

 and the Free Chinch Institution at Lovedale in 

 South Africa are producing a great effect on the 

 minds of the people. 



The success of missionary work in our day is not 

 such as either to elate or to discourage the friends 

 of missions. The actual population of the world 

 may be taken as fifteen bundled millions, of whom 

 about four hundred millions are professedly 

 Christians. Thus, not so much as a third part of 

 the world is evangelised. But then it should be 

 considered that an immense amount of preparatory 

 work has lieen accomplished ; and also that great 

 national movements often reverse in a few years 

 the aspect of affairs. In our own time we have 

 seen such reversals in Madagascar and the Fiji 

 Islands and Japan. In China we have seen a 

 change, in the freedom with which the gos|>el can 

 lie preached, which our fathers, and indeed our- 

 selves at one time, would have considered simply 

 impossible. All are convinced that in India there 

 must come ere long a mighty change; and the 

 friends of the go-pel earnestly hope that that 

 change will lie favourable to the cause of Christ. 



Some account of mission oprratinna are given in the 

 articles on the countries where mission* bare had con- 

 gpicuuus success (FIJI, JAPAN, ic.); there are also bio- 

 graphical notices of the niiwt eminent iniiwionarios 

 r, CAKKT, LIVISOSTOXE, L)trr, HANMXIJTON, Jtc.). 

 See aUu works on missions by Maml.all |1W>. Kufus 

 Aiuli-non (Yew York, IW.'.I), R UrumU-inann's Mutioru- 

 atlai (Gotha, 1W-70; and Calw, 1884 ), Christlid, ( -J I cd. 

 Ixsii). Young (18X1), V. .b.nnu I New York, 18S3), II. 

 (, mi, I, it |2d ed. Calw, 1HH<>), Warm ok ( Eng. trans. l,y 

 T. Smith, 1881), George Smith (1884; new cd. 1KUO); 

 on Catholic iniwioiiH, Henrion'a Hiitoirt del Mitriotu 

 Calholiyiirt, and Durand's Miuiont Catkolujuei Finn- 

 {m*tx; works on special inimions ; the tunucrous inis-siiiii' 

 arj" journals Mid year-books ; aud the lives of the uotubU 



