264 



MOMIEN 



MONACHISM 



t> ndency of the action of such a force is to cause 

 rotation alxtiit an-xis |-i|>endiciilar to tlic plane 

 passing through tin- iM>int and containing the force. 

 Thus, in tin- cose of a pendulum, the effectiveness 

 of tlu> force in causing rotation is measured by 

 the moment \Y/ wheie W is the weight of the 

 jM-niluliiiii. and / is the distance of the line of action 

 of the fore.' \V from the centre of rotation C, 

 or (what conies to the same thinx) the distance 

 of the centre of moss G from the vertical line 

 through C. 



The term moment enters into several other 

 phrases, all of which relate either directly or in- 

 directly to rotation. Tims, there is the moment of 

 momentum, or angular momentum, whose rate of 

 change is the measure of the moment of the force 

 producing the change. To obtain it for any given 

 liody rotating with angular s|>eed u about an axis, 

 we lirst imagine the Ixxly broken up into a great 

 many small portions of masses ii,i 2 ,i,, &C. at 

 di-tances r,,r.,,rj, iV'C. from the axis, multiply the 

 momentum (mru) of each mass by its distance, 

 and then take the sum of all these products. The 

 angular speed a Ixjing the same in every expres- 

 sion, the moment of momentum takes the form 

 u (ni i r a l + mj 3 f + &c.), which it is usual to write 

 in the symbolic form wSm/ 3 . The quantity EmH, 

 which is the sum of the products of cadi mass into 

 tlie square of its distance from the axis, is called 

 tin- Moment of Inertia alx>ut that axis. It is the 

 factor in the moment of momentum, which depends 

 upon the distribution of matter in the body. It 

 enters into all questions of mechanics in which 

 rotation is involved, from the spinning of a top or 

 the action of an engine governor to the stability of 

 a ship. Hy an obvious extension, the word moment 

 is also used in such combinations as moment of a 

 velocity and moment of an acceleration. Such 

 phrases correspond to nothing truly dynamic, 

 unless we regard velocity as meaning the momen- 

 tum of unit ma--, ami acceleration as the rate of 

 change of that momentum. See DYNAMICS, FORCE, 

 I.NKI'TIA, NOTATION, v\;c. 



MIIMKVIT.M i- our modern equivalent of Newton's 

 quantity of motion (ijiinntitiis mutim), which in 

 iM'mition II. of the PriifijHti is stated to be meas- 

 ured by the product of the velocity and the mass. 

 I dynamic importance is siilliciently discussed 

 under FORCE. 



Momifll, a Chinese frontier-town in the ex- 

 treme went of Yunnan, !:!."> miles NE. of Bliamo. 

 See Anderson's Minulnlij to Mumien ( 1870). 



Momiliscn. TMKHDOR, the most learned his- 

 torian of Home, was born the son of a pastor at 

 (larding, ill Slcswick, 30th November 1817. He 

 studied at Kiel, next s|x-nt three years traversing 

 Fiance and Italy in the study of Komaii inscrip- 

 tions under commission of the Berlin Academy, 

 edited awhile the Hchlesn'i'i TaM*tMuefo Xritiini/, 

 and in the autumn of 1N48 was appointed to a 

 chair of Jurisprudence at Leipzig, of which two 

 years later he was deprived for the part he took in 

 politics. In 185*2 he was ap|x>inted to the chair of 

 Human Law at /urieh, in 1S.V4 at Hrcslau, and in 

 I s '< to that of Ancient History at Berlin. Here he 

 was engaged for many \eais in editing the monu- 

 mental 1'nriins I n.ii 'i i/iliniiniii I.itiiiiurmn, ]>rojecte<l 

 by the Berlin Aeademv. ami commenced in 1803: 

 and in 1X73 he was elected |K'rpetual secretary of 

 the Academy. In ISM2 he was tried for slandering 

 lii-nmrck in an election speech, but was cleared 

 Initli in the lower conn and in that of appeal. Hi- 

 fine library was burned in 1880, whcreii|x)ii a 

 number of English students presented him with a 

 collection of (looks to make goixl at least part of 

 his loss. M'liiim-'-ii took a share in the work of 

 editing the Munumcntu Gcriiuuiia: Jiutunca, and 



has made lib name illustrious by a series of works 

 of vast range and profound erudition. His greatest 

 work remains hi- Hmnitche Getcliii-i,!, , brought down 

 to the battle of Thapsus (3 vols. 1854-50: 8th ><l. 

 1889; Eng. trans, by \V. P. Dickson, 4 vols. IKli-J- 

 67). These three volumes form liookn i.-v. of 

 Mommsen's plan ; vol. v., forming Ixiok viii., was 

 issued in ISS'n Eng. trans, by Dirkson, Tin- I'mrincet 

 vf the Huni'ill fcin/iirr /I'Hii l'il*tir t<i I 'tinrli-linn, 

 2 vols. 1886). Freeman characterises Monimsi n 

 as 'the greatest scholar of our times, well-nigh 

 the greatest scholar of all times . . . language, 

 law, mythology, customs, antiquities, coins, in- 

 scriptions, every somce ( .f know ledge at every kind 

 he is master of them all.' lint, while admitting 

 readily hi- wide and sure grasp of historical sequence, 

 the reader rinds Mommseii defective in ]H>litical and 

 moral insight, and prone to fall down in worship 

 before mere force ami success. 



Other important works of Mnninisen's are 

 (hi. // Stiulien (1845) ; Die Untcritalutc/,,,i />,- 

 /'/./'( 1850); Corfnts Insfri)ttionuin .Y. //',/^<IH" 

 (1851); his monographs on Jiuinnn Cuuis (18AO); 

 the edict of I liocletian. !>c Pretii* Remm Venaliitm 

 (1851); Die llerlitxfniijt zirisc/icn I'nsnr //// ,!,,n 

 Kmit (1857); JiumMie ForscJiunijen (1864-79); 

 Hex i;<:itn- Iln-i Aw/Ksti (18t>5) ; ];<niii'*r/,rji Stnais- 

 reclit (1871-76; 31 ed. 18S7); and his Diyesta 

 Justiniani Aiigusti ( 1806-70). 



Of his brothers, two have achieved distinction : 

 TVCHO, born 'at Carding, 2*1 May IMil. sttulied 

 at Kiel, traversed Italy and (Jreece, anil held 

 educational appointments at Eisenach. Oldenburg, 

 and Frankfort-on-Main until his retirement in 

 1885 ; he died in 1900. He produced a great critical 

 edition of 1'indar in 1864 (an edition of tlie text 

 in isiiiil. S'-liolin ( 1S01 ), a translation (1846), and 

 "i I'hi'lurifii ( 1^77 ). 



At'OfST, lM)rn at Oldesloe, 25th July IS'JI, 

 studied ut Kiel, and taught in schools at Hamburg, 

 I'archim, and Sleswick. Mont of- his works Ue- 

 long to the Held of Creek and liomaii chronology. 

 Among them are /.'- w/iWic l>t< /. i IvVi). llrili-ni/f 

 ;nr Hi-H'i-liisf/K'n /I,/I-I-I'/IHHHI/( ls.>ii .v.i i. Gritcht 

 Jalircxzcitcn (1873), Dctii/tika (1S7S|, and l'/n-u>io- 

 lotfic I'nti'i-.iiifliungen uber das Kaletulenoesen dcr 

 Griechen (1883). 



Moill|>OX ( or MOMPOS, a town of Bolivar in 

 Colombia, on the Magdalena, 110 miles SE. of 

 Cartagena. Founded in 153S, it contains a good 

 secondary school and a distillery. I 'op. 8000. 



Munacliism, 01 MONASTICISM (Gr. moii<7n.. 



'a monk, from HIUHUS, 'alone'), may in general 

 be described as a state of religion- retirement, 

 more or less complete, accompanied by contempla- 

 tion, and by various dexntional, ascetical, and 

 jieiiitential pi-actices. It is. in truth. Asceticism 

 di.v. ), with the element of religious solitude super- 

 added. The institution of monachism has, under 

 diH'ereiit forms, entered into se\eral religious 

 terns, ancient and modern. That it was known 

 among the .lews lieforc the coming of our Loid 

 ap|M-ars from the example of the prophet Elijah 

 and from that of the Eenes ; and it is probable 

 that religious seclusion formed part of the practice 

 of the Na/arites, at least in the later periods 

 of Jewish histnry. In the Brahmanical religion it 

 bos hod a prominent place; and even to the present 

 day the /i.vm>* of Tilx-t may be said to rival in 

 nuinlx'r and extent the former monasteries of Italy 

 or Spain. The Christian advocates of moiiach- 

 i-m find in the exhortation- to voluntary poverty 

 < Matt. xix. 21) and to celibacy (1 Cor. vii. .'17 ) 

 at once the justification and 'the origin of the 

 primitive institution. Its first form appears in 

 the practice of asceticism, of which we find fre- 

 quent mention in the early part of the 2d century. 



