MONACO 



MONAGHAN 



26? 



breaking up ' unauthorised orders,' dealt with 384 

 houses with 7444 monks, and 602 houses with 14,003 

 nuns, there were in all fit that date some 25,000 

 monks and nuns in France. In England and 

 Ireland and America, on the contrary, and largely 

 an a consequence, monastic institutions have made 

 rapid progress of late years. Most of the orders 

 introduced are active, not contemplative. In the 

 United States some fifty orders are represented. 



The following list gives the name and date of founda- 

 tion of the chief orders ; reference is made to the articles 

 on them throughout this work, and to works cited there ; 

 as also to other articles quoted above, to ROMAN CATHOLIC 

 CHURCH, CONG REOATIOK, &c. ; and to Ilelyot, Hittoire 

 dis Ordrc* RUujieux (S vols. 1714-21; new ed. 1860); 

 IJugdale, Monnsticon Amjlicanum (new ed. 1817-30); 

 Tanner, Jfotitiit Moruutim (1744); Mohler, Qeschichte 

 <ld M'liii-lithiiiini I183B); Hill, Enylish Monosticism 

 (1807); Milman, Uutory of iMlin ChrMianit.u (1851); 

 Montalembert, \I-mks of Iht Went (ling, trans. 18111-79); 

 Harnack, Das Monr.titltmn : seine Ideate und seine 

 Utuchiekte (1882); and U<fndbo->k In the Cimrentt and 

 Jtcliijioui Houtcs in the United Kimjdom (1885). 



A.D. 

 Basiltans (see BASIL). SB3 



K.'1H .lif'tilll'S 629 



>l<mkir lnna(q.v.) frt 



Canons Regular 7'KI 



Cliigniac*. BIO 



A'i>f m Canons 1067 



t ':irt li nsi.-ins 1084 



Cistercian* 1098 



Hospitaller* 1104 



TempUrx 1118 



1'n-iiionstraten.ilaiu 112 i 



Trappit* 1 UO 



Oilbertinei 1148 



A.D. 



Hieronymites 1374 



Ht'-thn-n of Common Life..lo74J 



He nrarilins 1426 



Oblate Nuns 1433 



Minims 1485 



Bamahites. 1484 



Tlieatliif* 1624 



Capuchins 162S 



I i. -i ' 1 1 1. l - 15S2 



J.-suit* 1634 



Ursu I ines 1637 



OratoTii! 1675 



Fenillant* 1677 



H.-UMII-S 1180 i Oblate Fathers 1578 



Teutonic Knight* llul Jacob! 



Trinitarian* .............. 11H7 



Poor Clares (see Oh*BB)..IM 

 Franciscans .............. Iiu8 



Carmelites ................ 120! 



.............. 



Olrstines ................ 1271 



Olivetans ................ 1.113 



ns luOS 



Maurista. 1021 



Lazarists 124 



Sisters or Charity liB'J 



Knlrmptorfet* 1732 



Lailics of the Sacrtd Hcart.ll>00 



Marist Fathers 1813 



Sisters of Mercy 1627 



Obaervantine Franciscans. 1308 Little .Sisters of the Poor. .1840 



.lion am. a small principality on the Mediter- 

 ranean, 149 miles EXE. of Marseilles, and 9 from 

 Nice. Area, 8 sq. in.; pop. (1873) 5741; (1890) 

 13,304, of whom 3292 were in the town of Monaco, 



to the family of Grimaldi. Originally of Geno- 

 ese extraction, they first held lands in France, 

 between Frejus and Toulon, where the name 

 of the hay of Grimaud still commemorates their 

 sway. They acquired Monaco in 968, Men- 

 tone and Roquebrune and Castillon about 1230, 

 and Antibes in 1237. In European politics 

 they sided with the Guelph party. Honore II. 

 put his country under a French protectorate in 

 1644. In 1715 the heiress of the Grimaldi of 

 Monaco married Matignon, Comte de Thorigny, 

 and her descendants continued to reign over their 

 small kingdom. It has, however, suffered at the 

 hands of its great neighbours. In 1846 Mentone 

 and Roquebrune were annexed by Sardinia, and 

 after the war of 1859 the whole territory belonged 

 for a short time to King Victor Emmanuel. The 

 protests of its lawful owner were loud, but he was 

 none the less ready for another arrangement, since 

 in 1861 he sold Mentone and Koqnebnine to 

 Napoleon III. for 4,000,000 francs. His capital 

 Monaco is now under French protection. Prince 

 Albert (born in 1848, succeeded 1889), the present 

 sovereign, has one son, Louis, by a marriage, 

 dissolved in 1880, with Lady Mary Hamilton. 

 About 1000 of the inhabitants are employed in the 

 rooms and gardens of the celebrated Casino. These 

 gambling-rooms, built at Monte Carlo on ground 

 leased (to 1913) from the Prince of Monaco, belong 

 to a joint-stock company or Societe Anonyme, whicn 

 pays 50,000 a' year for the concession, and sets 

 aside about 360,000 a year for working expenses. 

 Some 200,000 is paid to the army of croupiers, 

 police, detectives, theatrical and operatic companies. 

 Large sums go for the upkeep of the gardens and 

 houses and management generally ; and the com- 

 pany is held bound to defray the municipal expendi- 

 ture as well. In 1895 the clear profit was said to 

 be 13,000,000 francs : it is quite usual to pay 9 or 

 10 per cent, on the present value of the shares, and 

 30 or 40 per cent, on their original value. In 1895 

 1,160,000 francs were paid for 'publicity' i.e. as 

 hush-money, to many newspapers (chiefly Parisian ) 

 to suppress hostile criticisms, unpleasant facts, 

 suicides, &c. The climate of Monaco is milder 

 than that of any other place in the Kiviera ; palms 

 and aloes grow most luxuriantly, 

 and rare wild-flowers are found on 

 its rocky promontory. 



See Metivier, Monaco et set Princes 

 (2d ed. 1865); Pemberton, Monaco 

 Past awl Present ( 1867 ) ; and Boyer 

 de Sainte-Suzanne, La Principautd de 



Monaco. 



(V'lH in Condamine, and 3794 in Monte Carlo. The 

 territory, which is encircled hy the French depart- 

 ment of Alpes Maritimes and the sea, consists 

 mainly of the rocky promontory on which the 

 capital is built, and a smiill strin of coast. For 

 more than nine hundred years it has belonged 



Monad. See the articles LEIB- 

 NITZ, INFUSORIA. 



IHonaghan, an inland county 

 of Ulster, Ireland, situated between 

 Tyrone and Meath ; area, 319,741 

 acres (496 sq. m.), of which 140,000 

 are under tillage. Pop. (1841) 

 200,442; (1881) 102,748; (1891) 

 86,206 (of whom 73 per cent, were 

 Catholic). The principal towns 

 are Monaghan, Carrickmacross, 

 Clones, and Castle- Blayney. It 

 returns two members to parlia- 

 ment. Monaghan, granted by 

 Henry II. to De Courcey, speedily 

 fell back into the hands of the 

 native chiefs of the sept MncMahon, 

 by whom (with some alternations of re-conquest) it 

 was held till the reign of Elizabeth, when it was 

 erected into a shire. The county possesses two 

 round towers, one, very complete, at Clones, the 

 other at Inniskeen ; anil there are several raths and 

 Danish forts. The name Monaghan is derived from 



