274 



MONKKV 



MONMOUTH 



(11,1 World monkeys. It i~ tin- t\v.> latter divisions 

 tli:U are dealt with in tin 1 present article. 



In the IMiityrrliini the nostrils art- far apart ; the 

 tail is prehensile, and the numlic-r of premolar teeth 

 is in excess of that of tin' Catarrhini. the dental 

 formula lieing (for the molars anil |>rcmolars) 

 I'. m. sTj, in. I-'. In the marmosets the formula 

 is p.m. Jr|, in. |~| ; this, coupleil with some 

 other peculiarities in their anatomy, leil to the 

 in-titution of a ili-tinet group Arctupithecini, re- 

 garded as equivalent to either the Platyrrhini or 

 < atarrhini. They are now, however, more usu- 

 ally referred to the 1'latyirhini, though placed in 

 a separate family. 



a, rutyrrhinc face (Mvxin viUona); b, CaUrrliine face 

 (.Vooiciu /coninu). 



In the Old-World monkeys, or Catarrhini, the 

 no-trils are near together; the number of teeth 32, 

 ami these arranged as in the anthropoid apes ami 

 man ; the molar- and premolars temg p.m. }_|, 

 11.. liZl the reverse of the condition seen in the 

 Marmosets. The tail, when present, is never 

 prehensile ; and three are frequently ischial 

 callosities ilevelo]il, which stntctures are entirely 

 unknown among the American monkeys. 



The two divisions of the monkey trite hosed 

 upon those characters are absolutely distinct in 

 their geographical distribution. The Platyrrhini 

 are only found in America, the Catarrhini are 

 limited to the Old World ; further than this, the 

 to il -pecics. which have not l>een found in strata 

 earlier than of the Miocene ]wriod, show the same 

 rigid correspondence lietween structure and dislri- 

 liiitinn. No I'latvrrhine has l>ecn met with in the 

 old World, ami no Catarrhine in the New. 

 Whether this indicates that the monkeys of the 

 two hemispheres have had an independent origin or 

 not. is a matter for further inquiry ; it must 

 indicate in any case the remoteness of the period 

 dining which there was a passable land connection 

 Ix-tween Asia and America. 



In Ixith the (>M and New Worlds monkeys are 

 almost confined to the more tropical district* ; and 

 \ct this is not entirely due to all incapacity for 

 licaring a rigorous climate, for monkeys occur high 

 up on the sides of mountains in India. Monkeys 

 do not occur in the tropical parts of Australia. 

 1'iiring the Miocene mid Pliocene periods the-c 

 animals inhabited Europe and even Kngland, for 

 the remains of a Macaque have lieen dcscrilicd 

 from the county of Essex. At present the only 

 trace left in K.nrope of these inhaltitants is the 

 Mm-tiriig i HIM or llarbary Ape, which occur* on 

 the Hock of Gibraltar a- well a* on the opposite 

 coast of Africa. llut this animal is peihap- not 

 truly indigenous ; it may have l-en introduced. 



In the New World monkeys are mo-l almndaiit in 



South America. The forests of the Amazon and 



the Orinoco may lie regarded as their headquarter-. 



There are only ten s|'eic- which occur north of the 



inn* of Panama, and only one of these extends 



i range into Mexico ; this U a Spider Monkey. 



The West Indian islands contain no indigenous 

 monkey-. The American monkeys arc all arboreal; 

 ami this of course limit- their range to finest clad 

 district.-. The prehensile tail has an olivious 

 relation to their mode of life. l!ut it is a mo-t 

 singular fact that the long tailed monkeys of the 

 Old World, which might often gain considerable 

 advantage from lieing alile to use their tail as 

 a grasping organ, are totally unalile to do so. 



Some of the more remarkable kinds of monkeys 

 are noticed in separate articles < I'.AIUMIN, l',u:r, u:v 



ATE, EXTELLr.S, HOWI.KK, M AIIMUSKT, Ac.). 



Mllk-flsll, another name for the Angel fish 

 (<|.v.). was also applied in the ll'.lli century to a 

 large specimen of the I,o]igo or Squid family. 



Monk's-hood. See ACONITE. 

 Monk's Rhubarb. See DOCK. 



llonmoilfll. the county town of Moniuoutli- 

 shire. stand-, girt l>y wooded hills, at the influx of 

 the Monnim- Io the Wye, Hi miles N. of Chepstow, 

 18 S. of Hereford, aiid 2(i WSW. of Gloucester. 

 It- chief lea I u re- ale the ruined ca-tle of John of 

 (iaunt, in which Henry V. was Inirn ; the parish 

 church, dating from the 14th century, and ie-tored 

 in ISS'J I iy Street at a cost of 'itTOOO, with a 

 graceful spire 200 feet high ; the bridge over the 

 Monnow (1272), with its 'Welsh gate,' and near 

 it. a small Norman chapel ; a fragment of a l!ene- 

 dictinc priory, with '{Jeoll'rey of Monmoiitli's 

 study:' the new town hall, built in 1888 at a co-t 

 of fio.OOO; and a grammar school (1614). In the 

 neighbourhood are the temple-crowned Kymin (8(X) 

 feet), commanding a glorious view ; the liuckston.-. 

 a rocking-stonc'. di-placed by tourists in lss."i, but 

 since re poised ; and, 7 miles S\V., the superb ruins 

 of Itaglan Ca-tle. defended for ten weeks in KiXi 

 against l ; aiifa\ by the old Marquis of Worcester. 

 Kirst charti red bv Kdward VI.. Monmouth unites 

 with Newport ami I sk to return a nieiiilier. Pop. 

 (18ol).'.710; (lSSl)tilP2; (1S1I1) r>t7ll. See r/,,,rt< 1:1 

 <,/ M/oiiin./iir/i (IS-J(i), and works by Heath (1804) 

 and Greene (1870). 



>loilllloiltll. capital of Warren county, Illinois, 

 is 17! mile- by rail WSW. of Chicago. It is the 

 seat of Monmouth College i I'nited Presbyterian, 

 ISM; i, with about 4IHI students, and maniifact nies 

 agricultural implements, sewer pipes, and cigar.-. 



Pop. I I'.HHIl Tll^l. 



lloiiniolilli. .IAMKS, DCKK OF, was Imrn at 



Rotterdam, !llh April Itilil. the son of hrownc. 

 Iteailtiful, iMilde, but insipid ' Lucy Walters I 1030- 

 88), by Charles II.. she said, but' more likely by 

 Colonel KolxTt Sidney, to whom and to whose 

 brother Algernon she had lately been mistress. 

 When in lii.'ili she came with her son to London, 

 she was treated a- the king's wife, and by Crom- 

 well was sent to the Tower, and then back to Pali-. 

 Charles sought out the IMIV and committed him to 

 the care of Lord Crofts, who gave him his own 

 name. In HKi'2, after the Restoration, ' Mr .lame- 

 Crofts' came to Knglaiid with the queen do\\a-et, 

 and was handsomely lodged at Hampton Court and 

 Whitehall. In Hili.'i he was created Duke of Mon 

 mouth, and wedded to a rich heiress. Anne, Conn- 



te-of ItiicelenclHllfcil 17.'f.>): ill 11170 he slice led 



Monk a- captain general of the force*, anil in 1H7.'{ 

 ieeei\ed t lie add it ional title of Duke of Ituccleuch. 

 A poor, weak libertine, lie yet became the idol of 

 the populace, thanks to his licauty and his nll.i 

 bility. to his hiimanitv toward- the ( 'ovcnanters at 

 Kotliwell Itridge (1070), to the agitation of the 

 Popi-h Plot and the Exclusion Hill, and to his two 

 loyal progres-es in the west and the north of 

 Kn^land lUIso sj ,. There were rumours of his 

 legitimacy, the proofs in a certain 'black liox ;' 

 and Shatte-bury knew well how to pit the 'IV- 



