MONOTHEISM 



MONROE 



277 



injurious to society. The trust considered in its 

 social and economic aspects offers a wide problem 

 for discussion ; there can be no doubt that it estab- 

 lishes or seeks to establish a monopoly of fact. As 

 regards the United States it may be maintained 

 that such a monopoly is favoured by Protection ; 

 but in view of the fact that the same tendency 

 is oliservable in England, where free competition 

 with all the world exists, it should be considered 

 whether such combinations are not a ' natural ' 

 outcome of the prevailing economic system. \Ve 

 have here merely to point out that in all such com- 

 binations, whether o|>erating over the whole world- 

 market or over a portion of it, the tendency towards 

 a monopoly of fact is involved. In conclusion, 

 reference should le made to monopolies, as in 

 tobacco, retained by certain governments, but 

 purely for revenue purposes. It was part of the 

 later fiscal policy of Bismarck to establish such 

 a state monopoly in spirits. See FARMERS- 

 GENERAL. 



Monotheism, the term usually employed to 

 denote a belief in the unity of the Godhead, 

 or belief in and worship of one God. It is thus 

 the opposite of Polytheism. The doctrine of the 

 Trinity is thought by some (e.g. the Unitarians) 

 to l>e incompatible with the monotheism taught 

 by Jesus Christ, and is therefore rejected as no 

 part of His teaching. Mohammedans and Jews, of 

 course, reject with vehemence the least approach 

 to a Trinitarian conception of the Deity. 



Monotlielism (Gr. monos, ' single,' and thelein, 

 'to will'), the doctrine that Christ had only one 

 will. It is a modification of Eutychianism. See 

 EUTYCHE.S; GKKKK CHURCH, Vol.'V. p. 398. 



Monotrem'ata (Gr. monos, 'single;' trema, 

 'an opening'), the lowest order of mammalia, in 

 many of their characteristic points indicate an 

 approximation to reptiles. The skull is smooth ; 

 the brain-case very small as compared to the face ; 

 the snout much prolonged, and the jaws unpro- 

 vided with soft movable lips, and not furnished 

 with teeth, except in the young Ornithorhynchus, 

 where they have been discovered by Poulton and 

 Thomas. The cranial bones coalesce, as do a 

 bird's, at a very early period, and leave no signs 

 of sutures. The external ear is altogether altsent ; 

 while the eyes, though small, are perfectly de- 

 veloped. 



The bones of the shoulder, forming the scapular 

 arch, are unlike those of any other mammals, and 

 resemble those of reptiles. At the top of the 

 sternum is a T-shaped bone, formed by the union 

 of the two clavicles, corresponding to the fnrculum 

 in the bird's skeleton, and to the clavicles and 

 interelavicle of the reptile. The coracoid l>ones, 

 which in other mammals are mere processes of the 

 scapula, are here extremely large, and assist in 

 strengthening the scapular arch ; they are produced 

 beyond the socket of the humerus (the glenoid 

 cavity), so as to articulate with the sternum. 

 The pelvis is provided with marsupial IN>IH>S. 

 The ovaries are analogous to those of the Saurop- 

 sida (reptiles and birds), the right ovary l>eing 

 comparatively undeveloped, while the left forms 

 a racemiform mass. The orifices of the urinary 

 canals, the intestinal canal, and the generative canal 

 open, as in birds and reptiles, into a common cloaca, 

 from which circumstance the order Monotremata 

 derives its name. The ova (as has been shown by 

 Poulton for Ornithorhynchus, and by Beddard and 

 Caldwell for Echidna) are of large si/c, and con- 

 tain an immense amount of yolk, as in the reptile 

 or bird. Caldwell has discovered also the important 

 fact that the early stages of development are like 

 'if a reptile, and has confirmed the earlier 

 discovery that these mammals lay eggs furnished 



with a thick shell. The Echidna carries its eggs 

 in its pouch, but the Ornithorhynchus deposits 

 them in its burrow. The mammary glands, of 

 which there is only one on each side, are not pro- 

 vided with nipples, but open by simple slits on 

 each side of the abdomen. It lias been proved, 

 moreover, that the mammary glands are altogether 

 different from those of other mammals, and only 

 functionally resemble them. 



This order includes only two or three species, all 

 natives of Australia or Van Diemen's Land, which, 

 however, form two families the Ornithorhynchidce 

 (see ORNITHORHYNCHUS) and the Echidnid.-e ( see 

 ECHIDNA ). It appears probable from what is now 

 known of the teeth of Ornithorhynchus that some 

 of the Mesozoic mammalian remains which were 

 formerly referred to the Marsupialia are really 

 those of Monotremata. The literature of the 

 group is fully referred to in The Catalogue of 

 Marsupialia and Monotremata (British Museum). 



Monreale, a city of Sicily, 5 miles SW. of 

 Palermo. Tlie ' royal mount,' from which it gets 

 its name, is 1231 feet high, and on it stands the 

 famous cruciform Norman cathedral (1176), which 

 measures 333 by 132 feet, and within is entirely 

 covered with mosaics. Pop. 13,898. 



Monro, ALEXANDER, founder of the medical 

 school of Edinburgh, styled primus to distinguish 

 him from his son and successor, was t>orn in 

 London, Septemlier 8, 1697. His grandfather, 

 Sir Alexander Monro, a colonel in the army of 

 Charles II. at the battle of Worcester in 1651, 

 was alterwards an advocate at the Scottish bar. 

 Alexander studied at London under Hawksbee, 

 Whiston, and Cheselden, at Paris under Bou- 

 quet, and at Leyden under Boerhaave, and after 

 1719 lectured at Edinburgh on anatomy and surgery. 

 His lectures, with those of Alston on botany, led 

 to the founding of the medical school, when Monro 

 was appointed professor of Anatomy in 1721. Ha' 

 was received into the university in 1725. For 

 forty years he lectured regularly on anatomy and 

 surgery from October to May, students coming 

 from all parts of Britain to "hear him. Of the 

 establishment of the Royal Infirmary of Edin- 

 burgh he was one of the two principal promoters, 

 and he there delivered clinical lectures. In 1759 

 he resigned the anatomical chair to his youngest 

 son, Dr Alexander Monro, but continued his 

 clinical lectures at the Infirmary. His princi- 

 pal works are Osteology (1726), Essay on Com- 

 parative Anatomy (1744), Observations Anatomi- 

 cal and, Physiological (1758), and an Account of 

 the Success of Inoculation of Smallpox in Scotland 

 (1765). He died July 10, 1767. He was a Fellow 

 of the Royal Society of London, and of various 

 foreign societies. A collected edition of his works, 

 with Life, was issued by his son ( 1781 ). 



ALEXANDER MONRO, secundus (1733-1817), 

 youngest son of the preceding, studied at Edin- 

 burgh, Berlin, and Leyden, and succeeded his father 

 in the chair of Anatomy, and as secretary of the 

 Hciyal Society of Edinburgh. He published works 

 on the nervous system ( 1783), on the physiology of 

 fishes (1785), and on the brain, the eye, and the 

 ear (1797). He again was succeeded by his son, 

 ALEXANDER MONRO, tcrtius (1773-1859), who 

 wrote on hernia, and on the stomach, and an 

 Anatomy of the Human Body (4 vols. 1813). 



Monroe, a city of Michigan, on the Raisin 

 River, 2 miles by a ship-canal from Lake Erie, and 

 40 miles l>y rail SSW. of Detroit. It contains a 

 number Of flour-mills, a woollen-mill, and other 

 manufactories. Pop. (1900)5043. 



Monroe, JAM us, fifth president of the United 

 States, was lx>rn in Westmoreland county, Vir- 

 ginia, April 28, 1758, the descendant of a'family 



