189 



MONTALKMBERT 



MONTANA 



article upon Sweden, which appeared in the Krfne 

 frunrmxr. In IS.'JO hi- went to Ireland, anil, return- 

 ing full f enthusiasm fur religions freedom, at 

 once eagerlv joined himself (<> the Abbe I.amennais 

 nnil Laeorciairc in their enterprise of the Avenir, 

 the well-known High Church Lilieral newspaper. In 

 1831 Montaleniliert anil Lacordaire opened a free 

 school in 1'nris, which was immediately closed by 

 the police, anil a prosecution commenced against 

 the schoolmasters. The death of Montalemliert's 

 father at this time having raised him to the |x?erage, 

 he appealed to lie tried by his peers, and pleaded 

 with great eloquence the cause of the church and 

 the common interests of religious lil>erty. Though 

 he wax reprimanded and lined 100 francs, this de- 

 feat had the effect of a victory. In the same year 

 the Arenir was temporarily suspended, ami finally 

 given up, licing condenineil by the pope. After 

 this MontalcmlxTt for a time withdrew from France 

 and lived in CJermany, where he was inspired with 

 the idea of writing the Histuri/ f ,sy Eli;lirlh, 

 which was published in 1836. In 1835 he returned 

 to Paris, and made his first speech as a momlier of 

 the Chanilier in defence of the lilK'rty of the press. 



He married a daughter of Count Felix de Merode 

 in IXM. The winter of 1842 he spent in Madeira 

 for his wife's health, and while there wrote a 

 pamphlet entitled Devoir lies L'<ttlti>Ii<incs (fans la 

 Question <ri\H.*ei<inrincnt, in which he protested 

 against the monopoly of education l>y the French 

 L Diversity, and pleaded for free education, or, in 

 other words, religious education guaranteed l>y 

 common lilierty. For thin cause Tie fought mi- 

 weariedly in parliament till it was won. His 

 protests against tyranny, however displayed, came 

 to a climax in a great speech in January 1848 ui>on 

 Switzerland. The Devolution took place a month 

 later; and in April Montalemliert was elected a 

 meml>er of the National Assembly. When the 

 r/iii/i <f(ttit of Decemlier occurred he sup|iorted 

 Louis Napoleon till the confiscation of the Orleans 

 pro|>erty. Then he at once resigned his post as a 

 mi-Mi! T of the Consultative Commission, and 

 liecame from henceforth a determined opjioiient of 

 the imperial regime. He was elected to the 

 Academy on Feliruaty ">, 18,52, and from that timfe 

 occupied himself with literary work. After a visit 

 to Knglnnd in 1H.~>~>, he wrote L'Arenir /,/itir/ne de 

 I 'Aii<i/i-lrrre. Three years later he published an 

 article in the Correspondent, called ' 1 n Debat sur 

 Fltiile an I'arlement Anglais,' in which he made 

 such exasperating allusions to the imperial govern- 

 ment that he was prosecuted and sentenced to six 

 months' imprisonment and a fine of 3(100 francs. 

 The sentence was, however, remitted by the 

 iMii|M-ror. He published the two first volumes of 

 bis great work, l.rx Mniiies tFOccident, in 1860, and 

 completed it in 18(i7. He also wrote I'm Xati'in 

 en Iteiiil : In I'nlmjne ( 1861 ), L'Ailise fibre duns 

 t'Klnt libre (1803), Le Pajte ct In PolofM (1864), 

 \-c. During the last ten years of his life he stiflcied 

 from the malady of which he died in 1'aris on 13th 

 March 1X70. sixteen days after writing Ilia cele- 

 brated letter on papal infallibility. 



.Montalenilx-rt was one of the Ix-st French orators 

 of his day, a great statesman and author, an accom 

 plished man of the world, and a devoted, noble- 

 minded son of the church. He loved freedom more 

 than all the world, and the Catholic religion more 

 than frcednni ; and thus, while he fought all his 

 life for freedom, in questions of faith he submitted 

 his will ami intelligence to the judgment of Home. 

 See the Memoir by Mr* Oliphant (2 vols. 1872). 



Montana, one of the north-western states of the 

 American I'nion, extemls from 

 104 to 116 W. lonjt., and from 

 44' W to 49 N. lat., and U 

 bounded N. by the Canadian districts of Alberta 



- 



US Ti. ,1.7 V7,'j*"ii 



"'"' c pur. 



and As-inilx>ia, E. bv North and South Dakota, 

 S. by Wyoming and Idaho, and \V. by Idaho. In 

 area- - 1 46,080 sq. m., or nearly live times the si/e 

 of Scotland -it ranks third among all the M 

 and territories, but in population only forty-fourth ; 

 tin* density of the population is but 1.7 INTMHIS per 

 square mile. 



The Rocky Mountains, with their subsidiary 

 ranges, occupy fully one-fifth of the surface, in the 

 south and west; the rest of the -tale is made up 

 of valleys or high, lolling prairies, treeless, but 

 yielding nutritions gia--.es. The head 'Waters of 

 two of the largest rivers in North America the 

 Columbia and Missouri have their sources in 

 Montana. The mean elevation of the state i- 

 ahout 3000 feel ; the average height of the Hocky 

 Mountains whose sides are covered with d- 

 forests of pine, fir, and cedar is about 6000 feet, 

 while the highest peaks rise to 10.000 or 12.0OO 

 feet The Yellowstone National Park (q.v.) forms 

 part of the southern boundary of the state. In the 

 south-east the Itad Lands extend into the slate from 

 Wyoming (q.v.). The climate of Montana is more 

 moderate than that of the Dakotas and Minnesota, 

 since the warm westerly winds prevail more than 

 the north winds in winter here; there are but few 

 excessively cold days, and, a." there is little moisture 

 in the air, the winters are less chilly and more 

 exhilarating than in the east. The atmosphere is 

 remarkable for its clearness, and cyclones are 

 unknown. 



The soil of Montana contains all that is needed 

 for sustaining vegetation, but it is almost value- 

 less without irrigation ; with that, however, the 

 yield of grains and vegetables is enormous. There 

 are already hundreds of irrigating ditches within 

 I lie state, and the federal government is locating 

 storage reservoirs all along the Hocky Mountain 

 range, to store water for this pni|M>se from the 

 melting snows in spring-time. It is calculated 

 that 20,000,000 acres of land can thus be brought 

 under cultivation. 1'lacer milling being practi- 

 cally exhausted, a large part of the population has 

 turned its attention to stock raising, for which 

 Montana is lietter suited than for agriculture. 

 The prairies produce several varieties of hunch 

 grass, which cures on the stalk in August, and re- 

 tains all its nourishing i|UMlitics throughout the 

 year ; stock on the range receive no other feed, sum- 

 mer or winter, and very little shelter is required. 



Hut the };ieat industry of Montana is the mining 

 and reduction of her gold, silver, lead, and cop|ier 

 ores. Her minerals lirst attracted emigration, and 

 have hitherto Ix'en her principal wealth. The 

 first systematic working of placer mines for gold 

 commenced in 1862; in 1863 the lirst gold-quart/ 

 mill was built. A re|x>rt issued by the sUito ( 1898) 

 uivcs the total value of gold and silver produced in 

 Montana from IsijJto 181)7 (both inclusive) at: gold, 

 .>-J."i7.. "133.727 : silver (coinage value I. S273.o33,3!l3 ; 

 total, SSWt.Wi-.l'.ll. Theontput for 1S'.I7 was: gold, 

 217,515 ounces; silver, 16.3<>7.346 ounces; copixT, 

 <7. 158,540 Ib., nearly one-half the total product 

 for the 1'nited States'; lead, ..>, 7!(4.!7l Ib. ; with a 

 total value < f S.Vt.!I.M.r,:.-,. 



tli.itori/. The portion of Montana east of the 

 llocky Mountains was part of the Louisiana 

 I'mehase; that lying to the west formerly com- 



Jiosed a part of Oregon and Washington stale-.. 

 t was first visited by the French in 1742 i:t. 

 and by Lewis and Clarke in IS04 6; these were 

 followed by fur -traders and trappers, and by 

 .lesnit missionaries, who established schools for 

 Indian Ixiys and girls, (iold was discovered in 

 1861, and mining began in earnest the following 

 year. In 1864 the territory was organised, and on 

 8th Novemlicr 188!) Montana Ix-came a state of the 

 Union. Education, for a frontier state, U well 



