MONTANISM 



MONTCALM 



283 



organised, there being (1896), l>esides the district 

 schools, the State University at Missoula, the Agri- 

 cultural College at Bozeinan, the State NomiaFal 

 Dillon, and the State School of Mines at Butte City. 

 Only three cities have over 10,000 inhabitants, 

 Butte (30,470), Great Falls (14,930), and Helena 

 (10,770), the capital. Pop. (1880) 39,159; (1890 

 13-2,159; (1900) 243,329, including 10,746 Indians. 

 Troubles with the latter have been frequent : in 

 1876 General Custer (q.v.) and his command were 

 all killed on the Little Big Horn by the Sioux. 



Moiltailisni. a heresy which grew up within 

 the Christian church in the second hair of the 

 2d century ; its founder was Montanus, a religious 

 enthusiast who appeared at Ardahan in Phrygia in 

 the year 156, with a mission to purify a'nd re- 

 organise the church. Christianity had now become 

 adopted by men in all classes, and already it had 

 to a great extent ceased to be what it was origin- 

 ally a society of enthusiastic devotees shut off 

 from the world. At the same time the church 

 adapted to her use everything of value in the social 

 and political arrangements of the world around her, 

 and thus fitted herself for the role of a great world- 

 religion. Side by side with this growing secularism 

 there sprung up a natural reaction in favour of the 

 old discipline and severity, and nowhere was this 

 so strong as in Phrygia, where it was linked with 

 a belief in a new and final outpouring of the Spirit. 

 Here there quickly formed themselves societies of 

 spiritual Christians who gladly hailed the appear- 

 ance of the ' Paraclete,' and were gradually com- 

 pelled to withdraw from the church, branded as 

 Montanist.- and Kataphrygians. Montanus selected 

 the small Phrygian towns of Pcpuza and Tymion as 

 the Jerusalem of the church, and for twenty years 

 his movement was limited to Phrygia and tlie sur- 

 rounding district. He himself enjoyed a continu- 

 ance of the prophetic gift, as well as the two women 

 Prisca and Maximilla ; his most zealous mission- 

 aries were Alcibiades and Theodotus. The per- 

 secution that began after the year 177 spread the 

 movement wider by deepenin-' the earnestness of 

 conviction in those that held last their faith. In 

 Phrygia they were sternly repressed by the bishops, 

 and formally excommunicated ; but elsewhere than 

 in Asia Minor they did not at once leave the church, 

 but formed small conventicles within it. In Gaul 

 and Rome it was long held that communion should 

 lw maintained with them. But gradually separa- 

 tion became necessary, as the Montanists became 

 stronger in their demand for a return to primitive 

 discipline, for more fasting, the prohibition of 

 second marriages, and a severer fife generally. 

 Denunciation and exclusion pnxluced their natural 

 effect in making them still more narrow, severe in 

 their judgments, and arrogant in their asceticism. 

 At Carthage a numerous body of Montanists had 

 grown up, and from 202 to 207 they strove hard, 

 but in vain, to remain within the church, but at 

 MBgth quitted it because it refused to recognise 

 the new outpouring of the Spirit. It was now that 

 the great Tertullian joined their ranks, having be- 

 come profoundly convinced of the necessity for a 

 return to primitive Christianity in order to heal 

 the secularism of the church. Montanism sur- 

 vived in the East till the 4th century; in the 

 \\ est it was ever less aggressive, and did not grow 

 up until the Catholic Church had firmly estab- 

 lished its organisation. Therefore it never became 

 more than a mere sect ; and from a genuine dc>in' 

 for reform and simplicity it degenerated into an 

 artificial strictness and mere legalism. Y?t down 

 to 400 A.D. there were still Tertullianists at 

 Carthage. 



See Kitsclil's EnMehung der AHkatholuchen Kirke 

 (2d ed. 1H57) ; De Soyres, Montnnitm and the Primitive 

 l&urch 1 1878, ; Bonwetsch, IHe Oetehichte det Montanit- 



mns (1881); Weizsacker in Theol. Lit.-Zeitung (1882); 

 and Harnack, Das Monchtlium, seine Ideale und seine 

 Gttehichte (2d ed. 1882). 



Moiltargis, a town in the French department 

 of Loiret, 47 miles E. by N. of Orleans, with a tine 

 church (12th century 1868) and ruins of a vast 

 castle, once ' le berceau des Enfans cle France.' 

 Here in 1371 is said to have occurred the famous 

 judicial combat between ' the dog of Montargis ' 

 and Macaire its master's murderer. The dog not 

 only showed the spot in the forest of Bondy where 

 its dead master was burieo, but singled out the 

 murderer, and, when Charles VI. granted the ordeal 

 of battle to test his {jnilt, the dog Hew at his 

 throat and so proved its charge upon his body. 

 Pop. (1872) 8196; (1886) 10,984; (1891) 9789. 



Moiltailban, the capital of the French depart- 

 ment of Tarn-et-Garonne, on the river Tarn, 31 

 miles N. of Toulouse. A well-built, handsome 

 place, it has a modernised brick bridge (1335), 224 

 yards long; a fine cathedral (1739) in the Italian 

 style ; and a monument ( 1871 ) to Ingres, the 

 painter, a native. Besides considerable woollen 

 manufactures, it carries on a great trade in wine, 

 grain, leather, &c. Montauban was founded in 

 1144 by Count Alphonse of Toulouse, became the 

 seat of a bishop in 1317, embraced the Reformation 

 in 1560, and acquired historical celebrity as the 

 great stronghold of the Huguenots, being vainly 

 besieged for three months by De Luynes for Louis 

 XIII. in 1621. It suffered" much in the Dragon- 

 nades ; but nearly half the inhabitants still are 

 Protestants, and maintain a theological college. 

 Pop. (1872) 18,855; (1886)22,431; (1891) 24,504. 



Montbeliard (Ger. Mompelyard), a town in 

 the French department of Doubs, 48 miles NE. of 

 Besancon. It lies in a valley between the Vosges 

 and Jura Mountains, is surmounted by an old 

 chateau (now a prison), and carries on manu- 

 factures of watch-springs, watchmaking tools, and 

 cotton. A possession ofthe House of Wurtemberg 

 from 1397, it was a Protestant centre from 1525, 

 was formally ceded to France in 1801, and suffered 

 much in the Franco-German war. Cuvier was a 

 native ; and there is a statue of him, as also of 

 Colonel Denfert, the heroic defender of Belfort. 

 Pop. (1872) 5865; (1891) 8810, mostly Lutherans. 



Mont Blan<% the highest mountain in Europe 

 (if we regard the Caucasus, q.v., as Asiatic), 

 15,782 feet above sea-level, is situated in France, 

 close to the Italian frontier, 40 miles S. of the 

 Lake of Geneva. The waters which spring from 

 its western slopes are drained off to the Rhone, 

 those which originate on the east side to the Po. It 

 rises into several sharp peaks (aiguilles) and forms 

 great glaciers the Glacier du Geant, Mer de Glace, 

 &c. In 1760Saussure offered a prize for the dis- 

 covery of a practicable route to the summit of 

 Mont Blanc, which was gained, in June 1786, bv 

 Balmat and Paccard, guides. Saussure himself 

 ascended the mountain the following year; and 

 since Albert Smith published a description of his 

 ascent in 1851 the mountain has been ascended by 

 severaj hundreds ; indeed, more than fifty parties 

 climb it annually. It has been the most conspicu- 

 IHS for accidents of all Alpine peaks ; twenty-four 

 jersons had perished in accidents on it down to 

 886. There is an observatory (1890) at a height 

 of 14,470 feet. See ALPS ; and Whyinper's Guide to 

 Chamouni and the Range of Mont Blanc ( 1896). 



INontbrlson, a French town in the department 

 of Loire, 35 miles SW. of Lyons, with mineral wells 

 and some ribbon manufacture. Pop. (1891) 6226. 



INontcalm. Louis Joseph, Marquis de Mont- 

 calm Gezan de Saint Veran, was born in the 

 chateau of Candiac, near Nimes, 29th February 

 1712. At fifteen he entered the army. In 1743 



