MONTREAL 



MONTROSE 



293 



the trade of Duluth and Fort William on Lake 

 Superior, of Chicago and Milwaukee on Lake Michi- 

 gan, Collingwood and Goderich on Lake Huron, 

 Buffalo and Cleveland on Lake Erie, Hamilton, 

 Toronto, Kingston, and Oswego on Lake Ontario. 

 These canals afford a continuous course of water- 

 communication extending from the Straits of Belle 

 Isle to Port Arthur at the head of Lake Superior, a 

 distance of 2260 miles. The aggregate length of 

 the St Lawrence canals is 704 miles. Montreal is 

 the headquarters of the Grand Trunk Railway, the 

 Canadian Pacific Railway, the South-Eastern Rail- 

 way, the Central Vermont Railway. These great 

 roads open up by means of various connections the 

 whole railway-system of the United States and 

 Canada, and the Canadian Pacific Railway has a 

 through line from Montreal to Vancouver City in 

 Britisli Columbia, a distance of 2906 miles. In the 

 boot am I shoe manufacture over 3000 hands are em- 

 ployed, in clothing-factories over 2500, in tobacco- 

 factories about 3000, ill the breweries about 500 ; 

 and in the workshops of the railways an army 

 of men are employed. There are also rubier- 

 factories, sawmills, sack -factories, tool- factories, 

 silk-factories, cotton-mills, &c. Since 1897 an elec- 

 tric plant (capacity 21,000 horse-power) located at 

 Lachine (q. v.) is available for lighting and for the 

 endless variety of industries in Montreal requiring 

 the use of power. 



Of the Episcopal churches, Christ Church Cathe- 

 dral has a tower 224 feet in height, and St George's 

 of 230 feet. The Catholic churches are numerous 

 and some of them splendid : St Peter's Church is 

 a repetition on a smaller scale of the church at 

 Koine ; None Dame holds 10,000 people ; St 

 Patrick's is the church of the Irish Catholics. In 

 the French churches the preaching is generally in 

 the French language. The Presbyterians have 

 eight larger and several smaller churches, the 

 Methodists have eleven, and other denominations 

 also are well represented. In all there are seventy- 

 four churches in the city. Education in Montreal is 

 conducted under the law of the province of Quebec. 

 It is denominational in character, the vast majority 

 of the schools being of course Roman Catholic. The 

 Protestant schools are under the control of a special 

 board. The taxes on Catholics go to the Catholic 

 schools, the taxes on Protestants to Protestant 

 schools. M'Gill University, which obtained its 

 charter in 1821, has been an active establishment 

 since 1852; over 1200 graduates claim it as Alma 

 Mater. Laval University of Queliec has a branch at 

 Montreal ; the seminary of St Sulpice, founded in 

 Hi.",,, is a theological institution, training about 

 300 pupils .at one time ; the Presbyterian College, 

 chartered in 1865, has an endowment and property 

 amounting to over a. quarter of a million of 

 dollars ; the Wesleyan Theological College was 

 founded in 1873 ; and others in the long list are 

 the Congregational College, the Anglican Diocesan 

 College, St Mary's College, founded in 1848 by 

 the Jesuits, the academic hall of which holds 1200 

 people, and the pupils in attendance numbering 

 al>out 350, the Jacques Cartier Normal School, 

 under the control of the provincial government, 

 the Christian Brothers' Schools, the schools and 

 convents of the congregation of Notre Dame, the 

 -i limds and convents of the Sacred Heart. M'Gill 

 College has a library of 25,000 volumes, the Advo- 

 cates Library has 15,000 volumes, the Presbyterian 

 College Library 10,000 volumes; the Mechanics' 

 itute, tins Fraser Institute, and the Y.M.C.A. 

 have also libraries of some value. There are about 

 fifty papers published in the city, including six 

 Trench ami five English dailies, and ten French 

 and eight English weeklies. The Quebec Gazette 

 (1764) was the first paper published in Canada; 

 the AIi, nl i ml I incite, ( 1778) is the next oldest, and 



is the leading journal still. There are musical, 

 art, and historical associations also which maintain 

 in Montreal a taste for art, literature, and science 

 not common in colonial commercial cities. Among 

 the chief philanthropic institutions are the General 

 Hospital, costing $40,000 a year; the Protestant 

 House of Industry, to which 20,000 people a year 

 have access: the Y.M.C.A. building; the Dis- 

 pensary, aiding about 10,000 persons a year ; the 

 Gray Nuns' Hospital (1755), which is also a found- 

 ling hospital ; the Hdtel Dieu ( 1644), with 350 beds, 

 receiving over 3000 persons per annum, and costing 

 about $35,000 a year for maintenance. 



History. Montreal was purchased from the presi- 

 dent of the Hundred Associates of France, a trading 

 corporation, by Abbe Olier and Dauversiere, who 

 were moved by religious enthusiasm to establish 

 institutions there ; it was actually founded by 

 Maisonnenve, the leader and military head of the 

 enterprise of Olier and Dauversiere, who landed at 

 Montreal ( Ville-Marie de Montreal) on the 18th 

 May 1642. The early history of the city was one of 

 continuous struggles against the Iroquois Indians, 

 by whom the whole island was more than once 

 devastated up to the very palisades of the town's 

 defences ; and in 1660 the Indians almost exter- 

 minated the population not actually within the 

 feeble defences. In 1722 the city was fortified with 

 a bastioned wall and ditch. In September 1760, 

 the year following the capture of Quel>ec bv Wolfe, 

 Montreal was surrendered bv the French gover- 

 nor, De Vaudreuil, to the BYitish, under Lord 

 Andierst and General Murray. In 1776-77 the city 

 was occupied by the invaders from the revolted 

 colonies, who did their best to coerce or cajole the 

 Canadians into joining in the rebellion. In 1777 the 

 Hritish forces advanced from Quebec, and Montreal 

 was evacuated by the invaders. Since that time 

 the history of the city has been j>eaceful. The 

 war of 1812 14 did not disturb its progress. The 

 rebellion of 1837 for a moment milled its political 

 serenity ; but all its modern history has been the 

 history of constitutional development, of business 

 progress, of educational advancement, and of growth 

 in population. 



Monf ri'lix. a group of villages on the north 

 shore of the Lake of Geneva, 15 miles by rail SE. 

 of Lausanne. The name properly belongs to one 

 small hamlet, but is popularly extended so as to 

 include the adjoining villages of Clarens, Vernex, 

 Veytaux, &c. , with a population of 8019. The 

 beautiful situation and mild climate of ' the Swiss 

 Nice' attract many invalids to the place, which 

 abounds with hotels and pensions. Near it is the 

 castle of Chillon. See Steiger's Der Kurort 

 Afontreux (Zur. 1886). 



Montrose* a seaport of Forfarshire, 76 miles 

 NNE. of Edinburgh and 42 SSW. of Aberdeen. 

 It stands on a level peninsula between Montrose 

 Basin (a tidal loch, measuring 2 by 1J} miles, but 

 almost dry at low- water) and the mouth of the 

 river Soutli Esk. A fine suspension bridge (1829), 

 432 feet long, leads to Inchbrayock or Rossie 

 Island, in the Esk's channel, and is continued 

 thence by a drawbridge ; and there is also a rail- 

 way viaduct (1883). Montrose has a plain town- 

 hall (1763-1819); a large parish church (1791- 

 1834), witli a steeple 200 feet high ; an academy 

 (1820); a lunatic asylum (1868), 2 miles NN\V. ; 

 good links; and a wet-dock (1840). The foreign 

 trade timber its staple is chiefly with the Baltic 

 and Canada ; and the average tonnage of ships 

 entering the port exceeds 90,000 tons per annum. 

 Flax-spinning is the principal industry ; and ropes, 

 canvas, soap, &c. are also manufactured. Mon- 

 trose was the birthplace of Robert Brown, 

 botanist; Joseph Hume; Sir Alexander Burnea; 



