S09 



M tSHKIi \li.VH 



MOUAVIA 



There were never more than five or six separate 

 Christ i:'.n kingdoms; but the McMiriHh states were 

 at times divided among over I went v little kings, 

 anl every dyim-ty in -nrces-ion fell to piece- 

 through intc-tinc "-trite. Tin- latest researches, 

 especially in numismatic-., an- continually adding 

 fn~.li proofs nf this di-union, ami augmenting the 

 nniiilHT of |x-ttv indeiicn.lent princes or chiefs. 

 Tli.- advance of I'll.' Turks westwanl after tin- taking 

 of Constantinople I I4.VU was too late to belli their 

 co rvligioni-t- in Spain. Barliarossa established 

 him-eli in Itarhary in l.~.|s : hut lie failed at 

 Malta in l.Vil and' l.ViTi. and after the liattle "f 

 I.epanto (1,'iTli. however milch tin' Moor* might 

 liara- Spain. then- was no real danger of a re- 

 continent. Their piratical efforts only served to 

 raise a hatred between two chivalrous races who 

 had once respected each other and to carry it to 

 the bitterest 



See the articles CALIFS, AI.MOKAVIDK*, ALMAHADKS, 

 AixiKRiA, ANDAI.I-SI A. CORDOVA, GRANADA, MOROCCO, 

 SPAIS, Trxis; Lut Berfhrm 01 la Penintttla, by F. M. 

 TuLino I Madrid, 187 ) ; The Hittory of the Mohammedan 

 Dirvattirs in Spain, by P. He Gayangm (2 ml*. Lond. 

 1840 1; Hittaire tin Muiulmant iFEtpa-jne. by R. P. 

 A. Uozy (4 voK Ix-ydcn, IHtil); Bechertha tur CHin- 

 t;ire et la Literature << rKtii-inr. >>y R 1'. A, Dozy (2 

 rola. 3d ed. Lettlrii, Is-M i : /> eautu ear lUohum- 

 medanorum rultura, Jr., l,y K. I'. A. Dozy ( 1869 ); Tht 

 Moor* in Spain, by Stanley Lane-Poolc ( Lund. 1887 ) ; 

 Libra de A;irirultura, by Abon Zacaria (2 Tola. Seville 

 and Madrid. And tee ARABIAN ARCHITECTURE. 



Moorshrdabad. See MURSHIDABAD. 



Mooriik. See CASSOWARY. 



Moose. See KI.K. 



Moosonee, aC'anadian district south of Hudson 

 Bay, and touching I^ake Superior and Lake 

 Winnipeg. It is the see of an Anglican bishop. 



Moplas, a race of Southern India, mainly near 

 the Malahar coast, who as fanatical Mohammedans 

 hare caused trouble by outbreaks. Descended from 

 the <>M Arab traders, they number about 700,000. 



Moquis. See PUEBLOS. 



Morailahnd, a town of British India, capital 

 of a district, and centre of a large trade in country 

 produce, stands on I lie Uamuanga, 100 miles E. by 

 S. of Ilelhi. It i- noted for its metal-work. 

 Pop . uiili cantonment (1891), 72,921. 



Moraine. The masses of rock which, by 



atmo-pliei'ie action, are ve|,arated frinii the moun- 

 tains bounding the valley- aloni; which glaciers 

 How. tin. I a teni|M.rary resting idiu-e on the surface 

 of the ice. at the margin of the glacier, ami are 

 carried along with it, hut so slowly that they form 

 a continuous line along each margin. These lines 

 .if debris are called Inln-ul murmurs. When two 

 glaciers unite, the two inner moraine- unite also 

 and form one large, trail in the middle of the trunk 

 glacier, and this is called a ntrilnil iti,,nn,,<. \ 

 large portion of thee rocky fragments at length 

 reach the end of the glacier, and here the melting 

 ! leaven it as a huge mound, which is knov. 

 a terminal mornine. The rock debris, sand, clav, 

 gravel, &c., which an* dragged forward underneath 

 the ice, are called !/<>/,/,/ mni-it/iir*, or moraines 

 profondei. See (iLAClKRS, Hoi'l.DEH-ri.AY. 



Moralities. See MVSTKUIKS. 



Moral IMiiloMiphy. s,.,. KTIIICS. 



MorailO. a cilv ..I South. -in Italv, built on a 

 hill iii a wild neighbourhood, 37 miles NN\V. of 

 ,.i. 1'op. 8259. 



Morar. <;\v\i.Knt. 



Moral (<!er. MuHrn), a town of 2364 inhabit- 

 ant*. in the Swum canton of Freiburg, 12 mile* 

 KSK. of Neuchfttel and 4S by rail N N K. of 

 Lauxanne, lies on the Lake of Moral (3J by 2 



miles, 1428 feet aliovc sea-level). Here, on 22il 



June UTti. the Swis- gained a victory over Charlen 

 the Ifadil, I Mike of Burgundy. 



Morata, OI.VMI-IA. a Kith century scholar, was 

 Wn at I'.Tiara in I."i2(}. the- daughter of the po.-t. 

 Kulvio IVIlegrino Morato i \\ ho died in 1547 >. 

 Already in her sixteenth year she gave public 

 lectures in her native city ; but. having in I.">48 

 married the Herman physician Andreas (Irundler, 

 she followed him to (iermany and lieeaiiie a I'ro- 

 t.-tant. Driven fnim place to place by the religi- 

 on- wars, and ndWMo to |n'iiury, she <liMl at 

 MeidellMTg, 2(ith Uetolier 1655, leaving numerous 

 Latin and (ireek poem-, mainly on religions sub- 

 jects (edited 15."is. ISTII. A.-P.), a treati-e on Cicero, 

 dialogues, letter-. \c. See the Monograph by 

 Bonnet (4th ed. Paris, 1865). 



Moratin, LK\MH:<> KKHNANDGZ DE, comic 

 poet, wag born at Madrid, March 10, 1760, am) 

 was the son of a |>et. In 1790 appeared his lii-t 

 anil lx>st comedy. /.'/ I '/'<_/< // In Sinn; it a.- 

 followed by /-" Cuiiiiilin itllnrn. El I'.nrtm, La 

 Miit/ii/iitn. and K/ giiifliisX iiiim. Coiloy coliferrwl 

 several ecclesiastical l>enctices upon him ; Joseph 

 Bonaparte made him chief roval librarian . but 

 after 1H14 he took refuge in Parts. He died in 

 Paris, June L'l. 1828. 



Morava. See MARCH (river). 



Moravia (<!er. Mn/irnn. a crown-land of the 

 Austrian empire, is bonndetl NE. by Sile-ia. si-'., 

 by Hungary, S. by Lower Austria, and N\V. J.y 

 Bohemia. Area, 8"i,s:{ s.|. miles; pop. (1870) 

 2,017,274; (1890) 2,276,870. It is enclosed on all 

 sides by mountains, being separated from Sile-ia 

 by the ' Sudetes, from Boliemia by the Moraviiin 

 chain, and from Hungary by the Carpathian Moun- 

 tains ; while branches of these various chains inter 

 sect the whole country except ill the south, where 

 there are extensive plains rising to alnnit 8(M) feet. 

 Numerous small rivers How south-east, and fall 

 into the March or Morava, from which the country 

 derives its name, and which joins the Dunn lie. 

 The Oder rises among the mountains on the north 

 e.i-i, and soon leaves the country. Moravia is 

 essentially an agricultural region. On the whole 

 the soil is rich, .V> per cent, lieing cultivated and 14 

 meadows and grass, and the temperature is more 

 genial than in other European countries Ixing on 

 the same parallel. The principal crops are rye and 

 oats ; then come liarlev. wheat, ]Mitatoes, licet root, 

 leguminous plant-, and many fruits and vegetables. 

 The Ineeding of all the usual varieties of domestic 

 animals is actively prosecuted. The principal 

 mineral products are coal ami iron, with some 

 graphite. The principal branches of industry are 

 the manufacture of woollen, linen, ami cotton 

 goods, and beet-root sugar. Silk-weaving, lace 

 making, iron-founding, tanning, brewing, dis- 

 tilling, and the inanufaetuie of chemicals, glass, 

 paper, tobacco, and furniture also flourish. IJriinn 

 (|.v. I. the capital, is the chief emporium for the 

 manufacture-, ami Olniiit/ (i).v.) the principal 

 cattle-mart. The former university at Olniiit/ is 

 now represented by a theological faculty, and by a 

 large technical institute at Itriinn. The majority 

 '.'."> |K>r cent.) of the people iM-long to the cliurc'h 

 ot Kome. Ity nationality 7<l per cent, are Slavs 

 (Czechs and 'Moravian-)" and 29 per cent. Cer- 

 mai:-. 



Moravia was anciently <iccupied by the Quadi, 



who were succeeded after th 5th century by 

 the Kugii, the Hernli, and the Longobanli. and 

 linallv in the 6th century by the Slavonian-. 

 Charlemagne brought the people under nominal 

 subjection. Christianity was lirst established in 

 the middle of the illli century by Cyril (i|.v.) and 

 Methodius. In 871 its ruler was made a duke by 



