MORISCOS 



MORLAND 



309 



Ferdinand forbade the expulsion of those of Aragon 

 and Valencia. At the close of the rising in the 

 Alpuxarras the alternative of exile or of baptism 

 had been offered to the Moriseos. Those who chose 

 exile went to swell the number of the Corsairs of 

 Algeria and the Barbary States, who were hence- 

 forth a standing danger and annoyance to Spain. 

 The newly-converted Moriseos ( New Christians as 

 they were called ) became the objects of the severi- 

 ties of the Inquisition ; as doubtful Christians they 

 were regarded with greater jealousy and suspicion 

 than as professed Mohammedans. Under danger 

 of relapse their children were taken from them, 

 and their young men sent to the galleys. In the 

 war of the Germania in Valencia ( 1520) they were 

 ruthlessly massacred by the populace, but were 

 still faithful to the king and to the nobles who 

 respected their privileges. The ever-increasing 

 persecution provoked a still more serious rising 

 under Philip II. in Granada. It was put down 

 after two years of warfare by Don John of Austria 

 (1568-70); many of the Moriseos, and especially 

 thi! women, were given to the soldiers as slaves, 

 and the rest, who did not emigrate, were removed 

 to I '.istile, Valencia, and Mnrcia. The action of 

 the Corsairs, avenging on Spain the wrongs of their 

 fellow-countrymen, ruining the commerce, carrying 

 off Christian captives, ravaging the coast* so that 

 for leagues along the south-east it remained un- 

 cultivated, increased the bitterness against the 

 Moriseos, who were susiiected of being in league 

 with the Corsairs, ana directing their forays. 

 Many returned o|>enly to their ancestral faith ; 

 spasmodic attempts at genuine conversion proved 

 fruitless; in 1599 the Archbishop of Valencia re- 

 ported the conversion of one Morisco woman only 

 as the result of a year's labour. Harsher measures 

 were tried and failed ; persecution only made them 

 cling more firmly to their faith ; partial expulsion 

 only augmented the number of the Corsairs ; and 

 at fast they were forbidden to leave the country by 

 sea. The hatred, however, of Philip II. against 

 the Protestants was stronger than his dislike of 

 the Moriseos, and his reign is marked by constant 

 vacillations in his jmlicy towards them ; ami tlic'ir 

 lot cannot have been alisolutely intolerable, for one 

 charge against them was that their numliers in- 

 creased continually while that of the old Christians 

 diminished. The fear and suspicion aroused on 

 Iniili sides made it difficult for Spaniards and 

 Moriseos, iiew and old Christians, to live together. 

 After so many breaches of faith the Moriseos could 

 trust no promise made to them by king or church. 

 To the Spaniard- it seemed intolerable to have an 

 intestine foe, while the kingdom was so sorely 

 pressed from without ; and churchmen taught the 

 BM that anything, short of the extermination 

 which he might commit with a safe conscience, was 

 a mercy. In 1582 the total expulsion was first 

 mooted ; it was decided on in principle in 1599. 

 In 1609-10 the whole of the Morisoos were expelled 

 the kingdom, either by sea from Valencia, or 

 through the Pyrenees from Aragon and Castile. 

 All their goods were confiscated, except what they 

 could turn into money, or carry with them on their 

 IMTSOHS ; robbery, murder, assault, excesses of 

 every kind against them marked their track ; all 

 their children under four years of age were taken 

 from them to be brought up as Christians ; over 

 iiOO.OOO Moii-eos ehielly agricultural laliourers or 

 farmers, left the country in which their people bad 

 dwelt for so many centuries. The results to Spain 

 were like those which subsequently followed the 

 emigration of the Huguenots from France. Even 

 this does not end the story ; the descendants of the 

 children forcibly kept behind, or of those really 

 converted to Cbristiiinity, were regarded with 

 horror, and were constantly denounced to the 



Inquisition. For nearly a century afterwards we 

 find decrees of particular provinces expelling 

 families for being descendants of the Moriseos. 

 A taint of Moorish blood was sufficient to prevent 

 the holding of any public office, even in the smallest 

 municipality. 



Hee (fuerra tie Granada, by Diego de Mendoza; 

 Rebellion y Castitjo de lo* Morigcos del Reino de Gran- 

 ada, by L. del Marniol Carvajal (both in vol. xxi. of 

 Rivadeneyrai's Biblioteca de Autoret Espanolet); Eflado 

 Social 11 Politico de log Mvdejares de Castilla, by F. 

 Fernandez y Gonzalez (Madrid, 1866) ; Condition Social 

 de lot Moriicot de Espana, by Florencio Janer ( Madrid, 

 1857 ) ; La Expulsion de lot Moricos Es/janoles, by M. 

 Uanvila y Collado ( Madrid, 1889 ). 



Morisoil, COMMANDER. See ZADKIEL. 



Morison. JAMES COTTER, author and Positiv- 

 ist, was liorn in 1832, and educated at Highgate 



H-ammar-school and Lincoln College, Oxford, 

 is first work was his masterpiece, The Life and 

 Times of St Bernard (1863). His latest, The 

 Service of Man, an Essay towards the Religion of 

 the Future (1886), attracted much attention, but 

 it was commenced when sickness had already 

 seized him, and it does not adequately represent 

 his views. He was one of the founders ami first 

 proprietors of the Fortnightly Review. His intel- 

 lectual gifts were associated with a most genial 

 and kindly nature ; he was reputed one of the best 

 talkers of his time in French as well as English, 

 and had long projected a work on the history of 

 France, but owing to ill-health it was never fairly 

 begun. He died February 25, 1888. 



Morison, ROBERT, liotanist, was a native of 

 Al>erdeen, liorn in 1620. Having borne arms as a 

 rovalist in the civil wars, he retired to France 

 when his sovereign's cause collapsed, and took the 

 degree of doctor at Angers (1648). Two years 

 later he liecame superintendent of the garden 

 formed at Blois by Gaston, Duke of Orleans. 

 After the Restoration he was appointed by Charles 

 II. one of his physicians, 'liotanist royal,' and 

 'professor ' of liotany at Oxford. He was knocked 

 down by a coach in London, and died the follow- 

 ing day, 10th November 1683. His chief work is 

 lliiiitiii-iiiii llixtoria Universalis Oxoniensis (1680). 



Morisoiiiaiiisiii. See EVANGELICAL UNION. 



Morlai \. a picturesque and flourishing port of 

 France, in the Breton department of Finistere, on 

 the tidal Dossen, 6J miles from the sea and 38 

 ENE. of Brest. It has many quaint timbered 

 houses, a huge railway viaduct 207 feet high, and 

 manufactures of tol>acco, paper, &c. Vessels of 400 

 tons can reach the quays. Moreau was a native. 

 Pop. ( 1872) 12,723; (1896) 15,200. See BERNARD 



UK MoCI.AIX. 



Morlaml, GEORGE, painter, was born in 

 London, 26th June 1763, the eldest son of Henry 

 Morland, eniyonist ( 1712-97), to whom at fourteen 

 he was articled for seven years, and who brought 

 him up with extreme rigour. No sooner, then, 

 had he liecome his own master than he went hope- 

 lessly and utterly to the bad. His marriage in 

 1786 had no power to check him ; and his whole 

 after-life was a downward course of debt and 

 dissipation. He was regular only in this, that 

 ' every day he got thoroughly intoxicated, and 

 then generally would lie all night long on the 

 floor.' Yet he worked hard and rapidly, in the 

 last eight years of his life turning out nearly nine 

 hundred paintings ami more than a thousand 

 drawings. His strength lay in country subjects 

 ( pigs, ( Jy psies, anil stable interiors ) ; his se.i- pieces, 

 also numerous, are not so good. He died of brain- 

 fever in a Holhorn sponging-house, 27th Oct. 1804. 

 See Lives by Dawe (1807) and Richardson ( 1895). 



