MOULINS 



MOUND BUILDERS 



331 



shows (1) the Echinus, (2) Cyma Recta, (3) Cyma 

 Keversa, (4) Scotia, (5) Torus; another is the 

 Fillet (q.v. ); ami each of these mouldings has its 

 proper place assigned to it in each order (see 

 COLUMN). In Gothic architecture, and all other 

 styles, the mouldings are not reduced to a system 

 as in the Greek and Roman styles, but may be 

 used in every variety of form at the pleasure of 

 the artist. Certain forms generally prevail at one 

 period in any style. Thus, in Gothic architecture 

 the date of a building may in many instances be 

 determined by the form of the mouldings. The 

 Norman mouldings were very simple in outline, 

 and frequently enriched with the zigzag and billet 

 ornaments, tig. 6 is a common Norman form. 



In the English style the mouldings are also 

 simple in outline, and are usually arranged in 

 rectangular divisions, as in fig. 7, and consist of 



Various Mouldings. 



alternate rounds and hollows. In late examples 

 of this style the fillet was introduced (fig. 8) and 

 led to the more elaborate form of mouldings dining 

 the Decorated period (fig. 9). The mouldings of 

 the Perpendicular style are generally flatter and 

 thinner than the preceding, and have large hollows 

 separated by narrow filleto. 



Monlills. the capital of the French department 

 of Allier, on the right bank of the river Aflier, here 

 crossed by a handsome stone bridge of thirteen 

 arches, lies 196 miles by rail SSK. of Paris and 124 

 NW. of Lyons. A clean, well-built town, with 

 pretty promenades, it has a cathedral ( 1468-1871 ), 

 the cnoir old ; a square tower of the old castle of the 

 dukes of Bourbon ; a 15th-century belfry ; and the 

 chapel of a former convent. Marshals Villars and 

 Berwick were natives, and Clarendon wrote here 

 great part of his History. Nor must Sterne's Maria 

 be forgotten. Pop. ( 1872) 19,774; ( 1886) 21,213. 



lloiilmrin. See MAUI.MAIX. 



Moultan. See MULTAS. 



Moulting, a general name for the process by 

 which birds lone some of their feathers, or crusta- 

 ceans cast their cuticular shells, or young insects 

 get rid of their outer husk in metamorphosis. The 

 shedding of the hair in mammals and the sloughing 

 of snakes, &c. are also analogous. See BIRD, 

 CRAB, CRUSTACEA, HAIR, INSECTS, SNAKE, &c. 



Moulton. LOUISE CHANDLER, writer, was born 

 in Pomfret, Connecticut, 5th April 1835, married at 

 twenty W. U. Moulton, a Boston publisher, and 

 has published children's stories, novels, essays, and 

 poems. Her .stories are unaffected and well con- 

 structed, full of grace and tenderness ; her verse 

 reveals the rarer gift of lyrical music. Here may 

 be named Bedtime Stories (1873; followed by a 

 swond series in 1875, and a third in 1880); Some 

 Women's Heart* (1874); Miss Eyre from Boston, 

 <kc. (1889); and In the Garden, of Dreams ( 1890), 

 a volume of charmingly tender and pathetic verse. 



Moilltrie, FORT, a fortress on Sullivan's Island, 

 at the mouth of Charleston Harbour, South Carolina, 

 celebrated for the repulse of a British squadron com- 

 manded by Sir Peter Parker, 28th January 1776. 



The fort, which had 26 guns and 435 men, and was 

 commanded by Colonel William Moultrie ( 1731- 

 1805), had been hastily built of palmetto logs, in 

 two rows 16 feet apart, with the space between 

 filled with sand. The spongy wood of the palmetto 

 was found to resist the cannon balls perfectly. 



Moultrie, JOHN, minor poet, born in London 

 in 1799, educated at Eton and Trinity College, 

 Cambridge, took orders, and was presented in 1828 

 to the rectory of Rugby, where he enjoyed the 

 friendship of Arnold. He died in 1874. Some 

 little poems of deep tenderness in My Brother's 

 Grave (1837), and The Dream of Life ( 1843), have 

 kept his name from being quite forgotten ; neither 

 the praises of Wordsworth nor Praed could keep 

 Godiva alive. There is a Memoir by Derwent 

 Coleridge prefixed to an edition of his Poems ( 1876 ). 



Mound-birds (Meyauodula), a family of gal- 

 linaceous birds remarkable for the large mounds 

 which they bnild as incubators for the eggs. They 

 are natives of Australasia and of the islands in 

 the Eastern Archipelago and Pacific. The Australian 

 Megapodes (Mci/dpudins tumulus), about the size 

 of common fowls, build mounds of leaves, vege- 

 table refuse, and soil, and add to them year after 

 year until they become immense structures. The 

 largest on record measured 150 feet in circumfer- 

 ence. Both sexes work at the nest, in which the 

 eggs are laid in separate holes at a depth of 5 or 

 6 feet, and left to be hatched by the warmth of the 

 decomposing vegetable matter. The mound of the 

 Nicobar species ( M. nicobariensis ) seems to be used 

 not only by the original pair, but by their descend- 

 ants as well. In a related genus, Leipoa, the eggs 

 are laid separately in a circle in the centre of the 

 mound, and then deci>Iy covered up with compost. 

 In the genus Tallegallus represented by the large 

 Brush-turkey (Tallegallus lathitini) of Australia 

 the mounds are used socially by a number of birds. 



Hound Builders, the name given to a 

 vanished race of North America, by whose lalmr 

 the remarkable earth mounds found in the United 

 States were raised. These mounds exist in extra- 

 ordinary numbers over all the country between the 

 Alleghany and Rocky Mountains, but chiefly in 

 Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, and Missouri ; they are 

 abundant in all the Gulf States, and even farther 

 south, and they extend at least as far north as the 

 Great Lakes. Their usual height is from 6 to 30 

 feet, with a diameter of 40 to 100 feet. The 

 majority are simply conical burial mounds, mostly 

 rising from 15 to 25 feet, though one in West 

 Virginia is 70 feet high and over 300 feet in 

 diameter at the base. But very many others of 

 these mounds are defensive, and others again have 

 a religious origin. The fortifications, usually 

 earthworks raised on heights near some water- 

 course, embrace walls, trenches, watch-towers, 

 and are too skilfully constructed to have been 

 temporary defences : many arclueologists believe 

 that there was a connected line of defensive works 

 from New York to Ohio. In the Mississippi 

 Valley, where the largest mounds are, these forts 

 disappear ; and it is supposed that the principal 

 enemies of the Mound Builders had their home in 

 the east perhaps in the Alleghanies. Some of the 

 Ohio fortresses enclose over 100 acres, the walls of 

 earth, winding in and out, in each case being several 

 miles long. In the alluvial valleys other enclosures 

 have been found, regular circular, square, &c. 

 in shape ; these have been called ' sacred en- 

 closures,' but on very problematical grounds; and 

 the same criticism applies to the identification of 

 the smaller low mound*, from a few inches square 

 to 50 by 15 feet, which have been called 'altars.' 

 (If the 'temple' mounds, however, there nre 

 numerous examples, some very large : one in 



