MOZDOK 



MUDAR 



337 



high place in all. Indeed, in opera and symphony, 

 in spite of the more advanced writings of Wagner 

 anil Beethoven, he may be said to be second to none. 

 Gifted with an inexhaustible vein of the richest, 

 purest melody, he is at o'nce the glory and the 

 reproach of the Italian school (see OPERA); for, 

 while he surpasses all Italians on their own chosen 

 ground, his strict training in the German school 

 placed at his service those wonderful resources of 

 harmony and instrumentation in which the south- 

 erners have always been deficient. His most im- 

 portant operas are those already mentioned, Don 

 tli'ii-iinni, The Magic Flute, and Figaro. The first 



stands upon a pinnacle of its own in the history 

 of opera. It has no rival, and commands the 

 unlimited admiration of every true musician ; the 

 great deficiencies of the libretto are forgotten in 

 the charm of the music, in the masterly com- 

 binations of effect shown in the finales and con- 

 certed pieces, and in the triumph of sustained 

 dramatic power in the last scene. The greatest 

 compliment that could l>e paid the Magic Flute 

 is that it still holds its place as a classic on 

 the opera-stage, in spite of the most incoherent 

 and incomprehensible plot. The importance of the 

 orchestration gives the work a place only second 

 to Don Giovanni, and it has been a favourite study 

 with all great opera-composers. Figaro is perhaps 

 the most perfect opera of the three, for in it the 

 plot is slight, and the time required for its develop- 

 ment very short. 



Of forty-one symphonies there are three which 

 will occupy an honoured place so long as music 

 exists. These are the C major (called the 

 Jupiter'), G minor, and Eb. The first deserves 

 its name from the proud and noble rhythm of the 

 first part, and the absolute ease with which the 

 last movement sets forth a triumph of the most 

 complicated counterpoint. In the G minor beat 

 the first distinct pulses of that great wave of 

 romanticism and passion which was to tlood with 

 its influence all future musical development. 



The Ep is very lively and good-humoured and 

 tender withal, ft might almost be called a ' Car- 

 neval," written before Schumann had shown the 

 way to such titles. The quartets are very beau- 

 tiful and exceedingly original ; bat they are not 

 associated with Mozart's name as they are with 

 that of Haydn, nor is the fame of the earlier 

 creator overshadowed in this branch of the art as 

 is the case in the realm of orchestral writing. His 

 pianoforte sonatas, and those for the violin and 

 piano, are of no great importance except in the 

 development of musical form ; but an exception 

 must be made in the case of the Fantasia in C 

 niiiinr, which, like the G minor symphony, fore- 

 shadows much of the new school, aiid reaches even 

 so far as the influence of Schubert. His Masses are 

 all youthful works, with the faults of youtli easily 

 recognisable, and the marks of the haste with which 

 they were supplied as occasion required. The A <:e 

 Verum, a late church composition, though simple, 

 is very expressive and touching. The unfinished 

 Requiem remains a noble monument of his genius. 



The great authority on Mozart's life is Otto Jahn 

 ( 18oft-5!> ; 2d ed. 1807 ; Eng. trans, by Townsend, 1882 ); 

 tee also the Life by Kohl (Eng. trans, by Lady Wallace, 

 1877), that by Meinardus ( 1882), and the English one by 

 Holmes (1845; 2d ed. 1878). Nohl edited the Corre- 

 K[,. .n.lcnce (3d ed. 1877). See also the Life by Fischer 

 (1888) of Mozart's second son, Wolfgang Amadeus ( 1791- 

 1844 ), who wrote a few compositions of alight importance. 



Mozdok. a town of Russian Caucasus, on the 

 Terek, 58 miles N. of Vladikavkaz, with three 

 large annual fairs for horses, sheep, cattle, &c. 

 It grows excellent melons and wine. Pop. 11,008. 



Mo/lev, JAMES BOWLING, an able theological 

 writer and High Church divine, was born in Lincoln- 

 334 



shire in 1813. Educated at Oriel College, Oxford, 

 he became a fellow of Magdalen, vicar of Old 

 Shoreham, canon of Worcester, and in 1871 regius 

 professor of Divinity at Oxford. His chief books 

 are: The Augnstinian Doctrine of Predestination 

 (1855); The Primitive Doctrine of Baptismal Re- 

 generation (1856); Review of the Baptismal Con- 

 troversy ( 1863) ; his admirable Bampton Lectures on 

 4ftroc/(1886)j Oxford University Sermons (1876); 

 li nl, nil Ideas in Early Ages (1877); Theory of 

 Development, in answer to Newman ( 1878) ; Essays, 

 Historical and Theological (2 vols. 1878), contain- 

 ing among other papers admirable essays on Laud 

 and Luther, an over-eulogistic study of Straftbrd, 

 and a still less successful depreciation of Cromwell 

 and Dr Arnold ; and Sermons, Parochial and 

 Occasional (1879). Mozley had great intellectual 

 force, subtlety of analysis, and imaginative ver- 

 satility, but he wrote without facility, and his 

 style is not commensurate in quality with his 

 thought He died 4th January 1878. See his 

 Letters ( 1884 ). His elder brother Thomas, rector 

 of Plymtree, Devon, is well known as the author 

 of Reminiscences chiefly of Oriel College and the 

 Oxford Movement ( 1 882 ), and Reminiscences, chiefly 

 of Towns, Villages, and Schools ( 1885 ). 



MozuflernuKger See MUZAFFARNAGAR. 



Mskot. also written MTSCKETHA and other- 

 wise, probably the most ancient town of the Cau- 

 casus, and down to the 5th century the capital of 

 the old Georgian kings, stands on the south side of 

 the Caucasus, 10 miles NNW. of Tiflis. It con- 

 tains a cathedral, already existing in the 4th cen- 

 tury, in which the Georgian kings were crowned 

 and buried. When the Poti-Tillis Itailway was 

 constructed, an ancient necropolis was laid bare ; 

 the graves were those of a cannibal race, and 

 furnished proof that the modern Georgians are 

 the direct descendants of the ancient I brri. 



IK zoiisk. a town of Russia, 31 miles by rail 

 NE. of Orel. Pop. 15,067. 



Much Woolton (i.e. 'Great Woolton'), a 

 town of Lancashire, 6 miles SE. of Liverpool. 

 Near it are large quarries. Pop. 4541. 



Mucilage is the term applied to the solution of 

 a giim in water thus, mucilage of acacia, mucilage 

 of tragacanth. The term is also sometimes applied 

 to the natural solution of gummy substances 

 found in plants. See GUM. 



Muckers, the popular name of a sect which 

 sprung up at Konigsberg in 1835. The movement 

 seems to have originated in the dualistic and theo- 

 sophic views of John Henry Schonherr (1771-1826) 

 concerning the origination of the universe by the 

 combination of a spiritual and a sensual principle. 

 The most notable of his followers were two 

 clergymen, J. W. Ebel (1784-1861) and Diestel, 

 both of whom were in 1839-42 degraded from their 

 office. Hepworth Dixon (in his Spiritual Wives, 

 1868) pointed out the resemblance of the Mucker 

 sect to the Agapemone ( q. v. ) and the Perfectionists 

 (o.v.). In 1874, at Porto Alegre in Brazil, a band 

 of German Muckers, under a prophetess, were 

 nearly all killed in conflicts with the military. 



Mucous Membrane. Underthe term mucous 

 system anatomists include the skin, mucous mem- 

 branes, and i rin- glands, all of which are continuous 

 with one another, and are essentially composed of 

 similar parts (see SKIN, GLANDS). The mucous 

 membrane is divided into the alimentary mucous 

 membrane (for which see DIGESTION, Vol. III. 

 p. 813), the respiratory (see NOSE, RESPIRATION), 

 and the genito-urinary (see KIDNEYS, &c.). 



II 11(1 ar ( Calotropis ), a genus of Asclepiadaceje 

 found in India, Persia, &c. The inspissated juice 

 is used as a purgative and sudorific medicine. 



