ua 



MUDEJAHKS 



MCHLHAUSEN 



Mul'jarc8. See MORISOOB. 



Miul-lishes (Dipnoi), a small but very import- 

 ant onler of fre*h water lishcs, a connecting-link 

 towards Amphibians. Tliere are only two genera, 

 widely separated in geographical distribution 

 Ceratodus from QBMMHM ami Protoptcrus from 

 tropical Africa. Of nn alleged third genus, ' Lepi- 

 dosiren ' from Brazil, we. know extremely liulc, not 

 enough to warrant ita separation from 1 'i otopterus. 

 The wide range of distribution, and the discovery in 

 Mesozoic rocks of fosttil teeth resembling those of 

 Ceratojiis, contirm the impies-ion of ancient origin 

 which is suggested l>y not a few fiirt.s nf Dipnoan 

 anatomy, such an the persistent notochord without 

 ilistinct vertebr.e, the intestinal spiral valve, tlie 

 cloaca, the abdominal pores, &c. (see FISHKS). 

 On the other hand the mud-lishes are in other 

 respects almost amphibians, for the swim-bladder 

 functions as a single (Ceratodus) or double ( Pro- 

 topterus) ' lung,' Mang with which gills also persist. 

 The Dipnoi are thus important connecting-links. 

 The limi are |>eculiar in the possession of a central 

 axis, which in Ceratodus l>ears rays on each side. 

 The body is covered with Hat scales, is from four to 

 six feet in length, and bears a symmetrical tail 

 Ceratodus seems to feed on decaying leaves and 

 the like, Protopterus on lish, frogs, insects, &c., 



Head of Protopterns (after Wiedersheim ) : 



Showing fore-limb (a), entrance to gill-cavity (6), external 

 gllla(e). 



while ' Lepidosiren,' though described by the natives 

 as feeding on roots, is said to have teeth suited to 

 carnivorous diet. The nostrils open posteriorly 

 into the mouth, a condition occurring in no other 

 ti-h, unless Myxine be reckoned as such. Air is 

 taken into the lungs at the surface of the water, 

 and this mode of respiration becomes more 

 emphatic when the fishes venture to wriggle 

 ashore, as Ceratodus is said to do, or get into 

 thick muddy water, or when the dry season 

 logins to desiccate the pools. It is then in fact 

 that Prptopterus most deserves its popular name, 

 descending into the mud, rounding on a nest for 

 itself, and becoming more or less dormant. 'The 

 mud around one of these nests l>ecomes very hard, 

 and the balls thus formed have l>een dug out, and, 

 without breaking, have lieen brought to Europe 

 or North America. A short immersion in water 

 serves to release the fish, which will live for some 

 time in confinement.' Both Ceratodus and Protop- 

 terus are esteemed as food. The development of 

 all the forms is still quite unknown. The term 

 ' mud tish ' is also applied to a Ganoid (Amia 

 enlni) not uncommon in some of the fresh waters 

 of the United States. It attains a length of two 

 feet, U carnivorous in diet, and gulps air at the 

 surface of water, the air-bladder having truly 

 pulmonary functions. 



See CnuTODi's, FISHES, LEPIDOSIREN ; aim GUnther's 

 Study of fithe> (Edin. 18HO); Howard Ayere, Jcnauche 

 Zeittchr. f. ffaturmu. xviii. 1885, with literature. 



Miidie, CIIAHLES EnwAKD, founder of the 

 celebrated library which bears his name, was 



born at Chelsea in 1818. Having started as a 

 bookseller, he established his library in 1842, 

 which became a limited company in lst>4, and had 

 '.'.">. IKKI members in ISJKl, the annual receipts being 

 100,000. He published poetiea! .sV/,n/ Leave* 

 ( 1873), and died 28th Oct. 1890. See BOOC-TBADE, 



Mtldki. often spelt MoonKKK, a village of 

 the Punjab, India, '2ti miles S. of tlie Siitlcj. and 

 on the old road from Firozpur to Karnal. !!: 

 the tirst battle in the Sikh wai of IS45-46 was 

 fought (18th December 184") ), when the British 

 under Sir Hugh Gough repulsed the Sikhs, and Sil 

 Uobert Henry Sale, ' Fighting Bob,' was killed. 



Mud VolmiKH s. BM VOLCANOES. 



Mliczzln (Arab. Mn-:iii or Mu-azsiu; some- 

 times Mualilin ), the official attached to a Moham- 

 medan mosque, who announces the different times 

 of prayer. See MHIIAMMKD. p. 249. 



Mufti. The Turkish Grand Mufti or Sheikh- 

 ul-lslam is the head of the great corporation of 

 Ulenia (q.v. ), the interpreters of the Koran, by 

 whose decisions (when written down, Fetwat) the 

 Cadis have to judge. The chief of the Ulema is 

 little less powerful than the Grand Vizier. 



UlllgffletOIliailS, a sect that arose in England 

 about tbe year 1(551, and of which the foun 

 were John Reeve and Lodowick Muggleton 

 (1607-97), obscure men, but who claimed to have 

 the spirit of prophecy. Miiggletoii was a journey- 

 man tailor. He professed to IK' the 'mouth' of 

 Reeve, as Aaron was of Moses. They affirmed 

 themselves to be the tiro //<**<* of Rev. xi. 

 They asserted a right to curse all who opposed 

 them, and did not hesitate to declare eternal 

 damnation against their adversaries. They favoured 

 the world with a number of publications, one of 

 which particularly directed to the Parliament 

 and Commonwealth of England, and to his Excel- 

 lency the Lord General Cromwell was entitled a 

 Remonstrance from the Eternal God. The prophets 

 were at that time imprisoned as nuisances in 

 Old Bridewell. Another publication was a <lfit<rul 

 Epistle from the Holy Spirit in 1736; Muggleton 's 

 writings were collected again in 1832. He had 

 assailed the Quakers, and was answered effectively 

 by Penn and George Fox. He denied the doctrine 

 of the Trinity, held iinthropomorphist opinions, 

 with many strange doctrines over and above, as 

 that the devil became incarnate in Eve, &c. A few 

 Muggletonians lingerexl in England well into the 

 19th century. See Jessopp's Coming of the Friar*, 

 and other Essays ( 1888). 



>lim>\ limps, a title conferred, during the 

 United States presidential election of 1884 (New 

 York Sun, June 15), on such Republicans as threw 

 o\e> the nominee of their party for Cleveland, the 

 Democratic candidate, in the interests of civil 

 service reform. The title implied a belief that 

 these Independents set themselves up as superior 

 to their former associates. The word means 'big 

 chief 'in the* Algonquin Indian dialects, and John 

 Eliot, who spelled it ' Mngqnomp,' emwqyed it to 

 translate 'leader' and 'duke' (as in Gen. xxxvL 

 15) in his Indian version of the Bible. 



Miililbrrg. a town of Prussian Saxony, on the 

 Elbe, 36 miles SE. of \Vittetiherg. Pop. lit II. 

 Here, on 24th April 1547, the Eni]xTor Charles V. 

 defeated John Frederick the Magnanimous, Khvlor 

 of Saxony. See SCHMALKALD. 



IHItlllliatlscn. a town of Prussian Saxony, on 

 the Unstrnt, 25 miles by rail NNW. of Got ha. An 

 important imperial free city in the 13th century, it 

 came to Prussia in 1802, to Westphalia in 1807, and 

 again to Prussia in 1815; and it is still an active 

 centre of commerce, with manufactures of woollen 

 and cotton goods, hosiery, &c- Pop. (1875) 



