MULLEIN 



MULLER 



341 



Atlantic, by a dozen sea-lochs and bays the chief, 

 Loch-na-Keal and Loch Scridain that the coast- 

 line cannot be less than 300 miles. The rocks are 

 chiefly volcanic, with a quarry of fine red granite 

 in the south-west ; and the surface is moun- 

 tainous. Benmore (3185 feet) is the loftiest sum- 

 mit, Bentalloch the most beautiful, where there is 

 much that is beautiful these misty heights, the 

 stretching moors, the sea-clifFs at Carsaig, the 

 terraced oasaltic plateaus, the glens, streams, and 

 lakes, and the patches of wood and green pasture. 

 The climate is good for the Highlands, and the 

 soil of fair fertility, but grazing answers much 

 better than corn-crops. Tooermory, in the north, 

 28 miles WNNV. of Oban, is the only town. It 

 was founded in 1788 at the head of its sheltered 

 harbour, and has a pier ( 1864), a telegraph, a new 

 water-supply (1882), and 1200 inhabitants. Aros 

 and Dnart Castles are interesting ruins ; and Mac- 

 kinnon's Cave was^>ronounced by Dr Johnson ' the 

 greatest natural curiosity he had ever seen." Pop. 

 ( 1851 ) 7485; ( 1891 ) 4691, of whom 4013 were Gaelic- 

 speaking. See GALLOWAY (MULL OF), KlNTYRE. 



Mullein, the common English name of the 

 genua Verbascum, belonging to the Scrophularia>, 

 and containing some eighty species, of which some 

 six (Great Mullein, White, Dark, Moth, &c.) are 

 natives of England, and have been naturalised in 

 the United States. The leaves and stem (2 to 4 

 feet high), of the common and larger species, are 

 covered with a dense, woolly growth ; the flowers 

 form a dense spike a foot long. A mucilaginous 

 decoction of the leaves is used to allay coughs and 

 as an emollient application. 



MUller, F. MAX-. See MAX-MCLLER. 



.11 filler. GEORGE, fonnder of the Orphan Homes, 

 Aslilcvdown, Bristol, was bom near Ilalberstadt, 

 Prussia, Septemlier 27, 1805. While in training 

 for the ministry he was dissipated in his Imbits, 

 and at sixteen he was sent to prison for defrauding 

 an hotelkeeper. He went to Halle us a student of 

 divinity, and a visit to a private meeting for praise 

 and prayer proved the turning-point in his career, 

 and in 1826 lie l>egan to preach and teach, and took 

 up his abode in free lodgings provided for poor 

 divinity students. Through Tholuck's advice he 

 came to London in 1820, and studied Hebrew and 

 Chaldee with the view of becoming a missionary to 

 the Jews. He settled at Teignmouth as minister of 

 Ebenezer Chai>el, and in the conduct of his church 

 abolished collections and depended on voluntary 

 gifts. In 183.~> he printed proposals for the establish- 

 ment of an Orphan House, which took shape in 

 1836 at Bristol. As the result only of 'prayer to 

 God ' he announced that he had received 84,441 

 up to 1856 on behalf of the orphans, who then 

 numbered 297. By 1875 upwards of 2000 children 

 were lodged, fed, and educated. In 1889 it was 

 announced that the Orphan Homes and associated 

 enterprises cost about 36,000, which sum was the 

 result of faith and prayer and voluntary subscrip- 

 tions on the part of the public. Miiller visited t'n 

 East on an evangelistic tour in 1889. He has 

 published A Narrativt of some of the Lord's Deal- 

 ings with George Miiller (1837). Other three 

 portions were published, 1841-56. 



Miiller, JOHANNES, one of the most eminent 

 phriiologUta of the 19th century, was born at 

 Cohlenz on 14th July 1801, studied at Bonn and 

 Berlin, chiefly anatomy and zoology, and in 1S26 

 was appointed professor of Physiology and Anatomy 

 at Bonn; in 1833 he succeeded Rudolphi as pro- 

 fessor of Anatomy and Physiology at Berlin, and 

 held that post until his death, 28th April 1858. 

 He is regarded as the founder of modern physi- 

 lgy. on tne ground that he summed up the work 

 of his predecessors, instituted the methods of ex- 



perimental and microscopic investigation of physio- 

 logical properties, himself carried out and recorded 

 most valuable observations in connection with the 

 mechanism of sight, hearing, and voice, and the 

 chemical and physical properties of chyle, lymph, 

 and bile, and studied in an original and fruitful 

 way the phenomena of reflex action and the glands. 

 Moreover, his Handbuch der Physiologie ties Men- 

 schen (2 vols. 1833-^0; Eng. trans. 1840-49) exer- 

 cised a great influence as a text-book of the science, 

 and Miiller counted amongst his pupils several 

 men who soon stood in the front rank of German 

 science, such as Helmholtz, Vierordt, Du 13ois 

 Reymond, &c. Miiller was scarcely less eminent 

 as a student of comparative anatomy ; he observed 

 rapidly and accurately, and possessed a remarkable 

 insight into the interrelations of structural parts. 

 In this department of work his most famous me- 

 moirs were those on the Amphioxus, on Fishes, 

 the Echinoderms, and the Ca?cilians. Several of 

 his works were translated into English between 

 1839 and 1849. 



MUller, JOHANNES VON, historian of Switzer- 

 land, was Ixirn 3d January 1752, at Schaffhausen, 

 studied at Gb'ttingen under Heyne, Sehlozer, and 

 others, and in 1772 was appointed professor of 

 Greek at SchafThausen. Already he had com- 

 menced the investigation of Swiss chronicles and 

 documents. From 1774 to 1780 he lived in Geneva, 

 taught there, and wrote his Allgemeine Geschichte 

 (3 vols. 1810), and published the first volume of 

 his great work, Geschichte der Schweizer. Shortly 

 afterwards he was given the professorship of History 

 and a librarianship at Cassel, but resigned both 

 posts in 1783. In 1786 he became librarian and 

 councillor of state to the Elector of Mainz, and 

 began the publication of his larger Geschichte der 

 schweizcrisc/icn Eidgenossenschaft (5 vols. 1786 

 1808; improved ed. 1826). In support of the con- 

 federation of the German princes he wrote a Dar~ 

 slellung des Furstenbundes (1787). In 1792, whea 

 Mainz was taken by the French, he went to 

 Vienna, where the Emperor Leopold nominated! 

 him a memlier of the privy-council ; but, a Pro 

 testant at a Koman Catholic court, he did not see- 

 much prospect of advancement, and in 18041 left, 

 Vienna for Berlin, where he was appointed! his- 

 toriographer of the Hohenzollern family, and wrote 

 Ueber die Geschichte Friedrich's /., Ueber den 

 Untergang tier Freiheit der Alten Volkcr, and 

 Versuch iiber die Zeitrecfinungen der Vorwelt. 

 Introduced to Napoleon after the battle of Jena, 

 he was appointed by him ( 1807) secretary of state 

 in the new kingdom of Westphalia; but died at 

 Cassel, 29th May 1809. His Sammtliche Werke 

 were published, 27 vols. Tubingen, 1800-17 ; new 

 od. 40 vols. Stuttgart, 1831-35. See Lives by 

 Heeren (1820), Doling (1835), Monnard, in French 

 ( 1839), and Thiersch ( 1881 ). 



MUller. JULIUS, a German theologian, was 

 born at Brieg, April 10, 1801, brother of Karl 

 Otfried MUller, the antiquary. He studied at 

 Breslau ami Gilttingen, at first law, next theology, 

 and after a severe mental struggle adopted opinions 

 in religion opposed to those of the Rationalists. In 

 1825 he was appointed pastor at Schonbrunn, south 

 of liri'slau, in 1831 second university preacher in 

 Gottingen, in 1834 extra-ordinary professor of The- 

 ology there, next year ordinary professor in Mar- 

 burg, and in 1839 in Halle. Here he died, 27th 

 Septeml>er 1878. His reputation as a theologian 

 chiefly rests upon his great work on sin, Die 

 Chrittliche Lehre von der Siinde ( Bresl. 1839; 6th 

 ed. 1878). It was translated into English by W. 

 Urwick (2 vols. 1868). Another work was Dog- 

 matische Abhandhtnqe.n (1870). MUller, together 

 with Neander and Nitzsch, edited from 1850 to 



