344 



Ml MCI! 



MUNICIPAL ARCHITECTURE 



in 1801 only 48,885. Munich is one of tlie hand- 

 iMXuest cities in Germany, and iM-rhaps the richest 

 in treasures of an, while itself famous for its 

 school of jiainting. \Yithin the IUM two generations, 

 and especially under Kill); Ludwig I. (1S25 IS), 

 who spent nearly 7,000, 000 liialcroin neautifying tin- 

 city, it ha,s bean decorated with buildings of almost 

 every style of architecture, many of them orna- 

 mented with frescoes and sculpture; wide and hand- 

 some streets have been constructed ; and the squares 

 and garden* adorned with statues and other inonu- 

 ments. Among the imposing edifices raised for 

 the accommodation of the public collections are 

 the Glyptothek (1810-30), with it- magnificent 

 collection of ancient and modern sculpture, includ- 

 ing the famous .EgineUin marbles, discovered in 

 1811; the Old Pinakothck (1826-36), containing 

 paintings by the old masters, hi-ides 168,000 

 muftinmf and 22,000 drawing, and a priceless 

 coflection of 1500 antique vases ; the New 1'ina- 

 kotliek (1846-53), devoted to the works of modern 

 painters; the Royal and National Library, with 

 over 1,000,000 volumes and 30,000 MSS. ; And the 

 Bavarian National Museum, illustrating the history 

 of civilisation and art The New Palace includes 

 an older palace and chapel, the Konigshau (l.S'Jti- 

 35), in the style of the Pitti Palace at Florence-, 

 with Schnorr's frescoes of the Nihclungenlied, and 

 the sumptuously-adorned Banqueting Hall building. 

 Other public structures are the Court Theatre, one 

 of the largest in Germany, with room for 2600 

 spectators ; the old and the new town-house ; the 

 Temple of Fame, a Doric colonnaded building con- 

 taining busts of eighty illustrious Bav.iri.-in-. in front 

 of which rises the colossal statue of Bavaria, 65 

 feet high; the Generals' Portico (1844), a enpy of 

 the Loggia dei Lanzi at Florence ; the conspicuous 

 Maxini'ilianeum, on its terrace on the right lank 

 of the Isar, a college for civil servants, containing 

 a gallery of modern historical paintings ; and 

 various palaces and administrative buildings. 

 Among tlie gates of Munich the most beautiful 

 are the Gate of Victory, designed after ( 'onstantine's 

 triumphal arch in the Forum ; the old \-:\r 

 with its elaliorate frescoes; and the Prop\l.ea 

 ( 1862), commemorating the (ireek war of independ- 

 ence. The numerous churehes are all, except two 

 or three, Koman Catholic. The oldest is St Peter's 

 (1284). The huge brick church of Our Lady 

 (146H-8S), the cathedral of the archbishopric of 

 Munich Freising, is remarkable for its two un- 

 finished towers (325 feet), now capped with 

 cupolas; in the interior is the elaborate tomb of 

 the Emperor Louis the Bavarian. St Michael's, 

 or the Jesuits' church ( 1583-91 ), contains a monu- 

 ment by Tliorwaldsen to Eugene Heaiiharniiis ; the 

 Theatine Church ( )7o7 ) contains the royal burial- 

 vault; the Louis Church (1830-44) is embellished 

 with ( 'oniclius's fresco of the 'Last Judgment;' the 

 beautiful church of St Mariahilf ( 1831-39) is noted 

 for it gorgeous painted glass and line wood carv- 

 ings ; and the basilica of St Itonifaee (1835-50) for 

 its sixty six monoliths of gray Tyrolean marble 

 am) resplendent interior decoration. The Court 

 Chapel of All Saints is a perfect casket of art- 

 treacures. Munich is admirably endowed with 

 scholastic, literary, scientific, and licnevolent in- 

 dtit.itions, including Koyal Academies of Art and 

 Science, a Polytechnic School, \-c. The university, 

 removed from l.nndxhut to Munich in 1826, has 

 171 professors and teachers, and over 3000 students ; 

 its library contains over 300,000 volumes ; and its 

 Milmidiary institutions are numerous and well 

 equii>|>ed. Adjoining the palace is the Court 

 Garden, hounded on two sides by arcades adorned 

 with frescoes ; farther north is the English Garden, 

 a park 600 acres in area ; and on the right bank of 

 the Isar are the attractive Gasteig promenade*. 



The industrial development of Munich lags behind 

 it- ;e>t he. tic development. Its stained-glass works, 

 iron, brass, and !-ll foundries, lithographing and 

 engraving works, and manufactories of optical and 

 mathematical instruments, and various aiti-tic 

 article* are, however, deservedly noted. Still more 

 famous are the enormous hiewcriex of Bavarian 

 U-cr, which annually produce about 49,000,000 

 gallons, of \\hich 87,000,000 are consumed in the 

 illy itself. Munich carries on a large trade in 

 grain and in objects of art 



In 1158 Henry the Lion raised the Villa 

 Miniirhrn from its picvioiis obscurity by establish- 

 ing a mint and a salt-emporium within its precincts, 

 tie' name (also appearing ax FonanadSfonaehM] 

 lieing derived from the monks who owned the site. 

 In the 13th century the dukes of the \Vittel.-bach 

 dynasty selected .Munich for their residence and 

 fortified the town. In 1327 the old town was nearly 

 destroyed by lire, and was rebuilt by the F.mjieior 

 Louis the Bavarian very much on the plan which it 

 still exhibits ; but it was not until the fortifications 

 were razed at the close of the ISth century that the 

 limits of the town were enlarged to any extent* 

 The true history of modern Munich is the account 

 of its artistic development in the 19th centurv, with 

 which the artist.- most closely identified arcVilenxe 

 and Gartner the architects, Schwanthaler the 

 sculptor, and Cornelius and Kaulbach the painters. 

 The modern Munich school of painting, headed by 

 K. von Pilot y and AV. Piez, is characterised by 

 marked realism in colour and detail, in contrast to 

 the romanticism of the older masters. 



See work* by Soltl (1864), Reber (1876), Maillinger 

 (3 vols. 1676), Rcgnet (1878), and Trautwein (13th ed. 

 1887); also Mrs Howitt- Watts' Art-student in Munich 

 (2d ed. 1879). 



Municipal Architecture is shown in the 

 buildings used for municipal purposes, such as 

 town-halls, guildhall*, \c. These were first built 

 when the towns of the middle ages rose in inijMtrt- 

 ance, and asserted their freedom. Those of North 

 Italy and Belgium were the first to move, and con- 

 sequently we find in these countries the earliest 

 and most important specimens of municipal archi- 

 tecture during the middle ages. Municipal build- 

 ings always partake of the character of the archi- 

 tecture of the period when they were erected. In 

 Italy, for instance, they are of the Italian-Gothic 

 style in Vieen/n, Venice, Florence. \c. during the 

 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries. In Belgium, during 

 the same period, they are of the northern Gothic 

 style, and are almost the only really fine specimens 

 of the civil architecture of the middle ages now 

 extant. The Cloth-hall at Ypres, and the town- 

 halls of Brussels, Louvain, Bruges (see BlCLFltY ), 

 Oudenarde, the Exchange at Antwerp, and many 

 other markets, lodges, halls. A.C. testify to the 

 early importance of the municipal institutions in 

 Belgium. We look for town-halts in vain in France 

 or England till the development of industry and 

 knowledge had made the citi/ens of the large towns 

 so wealthy and important as to enable them to i 

 the municipal power into an institution. But from 

 the l.">:h nml liith centuries there exist in Britain 

 abundant instances of buildings erected for the use 

 of the guilds and corporations ami the municiiial 

 courts. Many of the corporation halls in London 

 have recently liecn rebuilt by the- wealthy bodies 

 they belong to, such as the Fishmongers. Merchant 

 Taxlors, (iolilsiniths, and other companies (sec also 

 Grii.niiAI.I.). Municipal buildings on a largo 

 scale for the use of the town-councils and magis- 

 t rates have also lieen recently erected in many 

 large towns in Britain ; and now no town of im- 

 portance is complete without a great town-hull far 

 the use of the inhabitants. 



It is a curious fact that in France, where the 



