MUNICIPALITY 



MUNSTER 



345 



towns became of considerable importance during 

 the middle ages, so few municipal buildings remain. 

 Thus arises from tbe circumstance that tlie resources 

 of the early municipalities of France were devoted 

 to aid the bishops in the erection of the great 

 French cathedrals, and the townspeople used these 

 cathedrals as their halls of assembly, and even for 

 such purposes as masques and amusements. 



Mmii<'i|>alitj"(from Lat. municeps, from munus 

 and capio, ' one who enjoys the rights of a free 

 citizen ), a town or city possessed of certain privi- 

 leges of local self-government, the governing body 

 in such a town. .Municipal institutions originated 

 in the times of the Roman empire. The provincial 

 towns of Italy, which were from the lirst Roman 

 colonies, as also those which, after having an 

 independent existence, became members of the 

 Roman state, though subjected to the rule of an 

 imperial governor, were allowed to enjoy a right of 

 regulating their internal affairs. A class of the 

 inhabitants called the curin, or decuriones, elected 

 two officers, called duumviri, whose functions were 

 supposed to be analogous to those of the consuls 

 of the imperial city, and who exercised a limited 

 jurisdiction, civil and criminal. There was an 

 important functionary in even' municipality called 

 the defensor cimtatis, or advocate for the city, the 

 protector of the citizens against arbitrary acts on 

 the part of the imperial governor. The municipal 

 system declined with the decline of the empire, yet 

 it retained vitality enough to be afterwards resusci- 

 tated in union with feudalism, and with the Saxon 

 institutions of liritain. Sonie cities of Italy, 

 France, and Germany have indeed derived their 

 present magistracy by direct succession from 

 imperial Home. For Iliiii-h Municipalities, see 

 BOROUGH, CITY ; see also FREE IMPERIAL CITIES. 



Mnnjeet. See MADDER. 



.llllllkar.S. a market-town of Hungary, situated 

 at the foot of the Carpathians, 101 miles by rail 

 NK. of Debreczin, has mines of iron and rock- 

 crystals, called Hungarian diamonds. The citadel, 

 built on an isolated height, resisted the imperial 

 arms for three years ( 1C85-88) ; and, having fallen 

 in 1848 into the hands of the Hungarians, was 

 captured by the Russians in the following year. 

 It is now a state-prison. Pop. 9691. 



.Millikacs.Y. MICHAEL, painter, whose real sur- 

 name is LIEU, was I mm at Munkacs, 10th October 

 1846. He went a turner's apprentice to Vienna, 

 and studied painting there, at Munich, and at 

 Diisseldorf, and in 1872 settled in Paris. Except 

 a few portraits, his works are nearly all genre- 

 pictures. Three classes may le distinguished 

 those depicting Hungarian life, mostly very 

 dark in colouring, as 'The Condemned,' 'War- 

 time,' ' Night-roamers,' ' Village Hero,' and others; 

 those illustrative of the social life of Paris, 

 much lighter and brighter in tone, as ' Munkacsy 

 in his Studio,' ' Father's Birthday,' ' Two Families,' 

 tVc. ; historical pieces, of which" ' Milton dictating 

 I'linnlise Lost to his Daughters,' 'Christ before 

 Pilate,' ' Crucifixion, 'and 'IfoartfrLMtMoOMatf 

 are best known. Vigorous characterisation, dra- 

 nmtic power, and pictorial breadth are conspicuous 

 traiu. Insane since 1897, he died 1st May 1900. 



Munnipore. See MAXIPUR. 



Miinro. Hn;n AxniiKW JOHXSTOXE, Latin 

 scholar, lx>rn at Elgin in Scotland in 1819, was 

 educated at Shrewsbury ami Trinity College, Cam- 

 bridge, elected fellow "of his college in 1843, and 

 professor of Latin in his university in 1869 (he 

 resigned the chair in 1872 ), and died at Rome, 30th 

 March 1885. His greatest achievement was an 

 edition of Lucretiiu (1864; 4th ed. 1885), text, 

 translation, and notes, one of the finest and most 



brilliant works of British scholarship. His Horace 

 appeared in 1869 ; his Criticisms and Elucidations 

 of Catullus in 1878 ; and his translations into Latin 

 and Greek verse were printed in 1884. 



Muiiro, SIR THOMAS (17G1-1827), son of a 

 Glasgow merchant, was educated at the Glasgow 

 grammar school and university, arrived as an 

 officer in the H.E.I.C.S. at Madras in 1780 in 

 time to serve in the operations against Hyder 

 Ali in 1780-83, assisted in the reorganisation of 

 Mysore, administered Canara, and introduced the 

 ryotwari system of tenure, subsequently extended 

 to most of Madras and Bombay. In 1807-15 he 

 was in England, whore he had great influence on 

 Indian legislation. Huvingcommanded in the second 

 Mahrattu war, he was in 1819 named governor of 

 Madias. He died of cholera. See Lives by Gleig 

 (1830), Arbuthnot (1889), and Bradshaw (1894). 

 Not to be confounded with him is SIR HECTOR 

 MTXRO ( 1726-1805) of Novar in Cromartyshire, who 

 served in the Low Countries, embarked for India in 

 1760, won the great battle of liuxar in Debar in 

 1764, ami shared with Coote in the defeat of Hyder 

 Ali. He returned to England in 17SI, held military 

 appointments at home, and spent his last years in 

 improving his estate at Novar. 



Minister. See IRELAND, Vol. VI. p. 198. 



Mil IIS tor, capital of Westphalia, stands on a 

 small stream, by rail 101 miles N. by E. of Cologne 

 and 106 SSW. of Bremen. It retains numerous re- 

 mains of media-val architecture, including the mixed 

 Romanesque and Gothic cathedral ( 12th to 14th c.) ; 

 Our Lady's Church, Gothic( 1340); theOothic church 

 of St Lambert ( 14th c. ) ; the church of St Ludgenis, 

 also Gothic, dating from 1330; the Gothic town- 

 hall, in which, in 1648, the peace of Westphalia 

 was signed (also signed simultaneously at Osna- 

 briick, q.v.); the castle, built in 1767, and sur- 

 rounded by fine pleasure-grounds, including botani- 

 cal gardens ; and the 16th-century town wine-cellar, 

 in which are preserved some rare pictures of the 

 old German school. The old Catholic university of 

 Miinster was dissolved in 1818; there is now an 

 academy, with a Catholic theological and a philo- 

 sophical faculty, and about 470 pupils. Attached 

 to it are a library of 123,000 volumes, a natural 

 history museum, and collections of art and anti- 

 quity. The industrial products of Miinster include 

 woollen, cotton, and silk fabrics, and nnper, bendes 

 dyeing, printing, and enamelling. The trade is 

 limited to linens, woollens, thread, cattle, com, 

 &c. Pop. (1875) 35,705; (1885) 44,060, of whom 

 36,751 were Catholics; (1890) 49,613. Miinster 

 was known under the name of Mimigardevord 

 in the time of Charlemagne, who in 791 made 

 it the see of the new bishop of the Saxons, St 

 Ludgenu. Towards the middle of the llth 

 century a monastery ( whence Munster) was founded 

 on the spot, and by 1186 it had grown into a town. 

 In the 12th century the bishopric was elevated into 

 a principality of the empire. In the 13th century 

 the city became a member of the Hanseatic League ; 

 and in 1532 it declared its adhesion to the Reformed 

 faith, notwithstanding the violent opposition of the 

 chapter. During 1535 Munster was the scene of 

 the violent politico-religious movement of the Ana- 

 baptists (q.v.). The bishop repossessed himself of 

 the city, and in 1661 Bishop Bernhard built a strong 

 citadel within the walls, and deprived the citizens 

 of nearly all their liberties. In both the Thirty 

 Years' War and the Seven Years' War Munster 

 suffered severely. The bishopric, which since 1719 

 had been held by the Archbishop of Cologne, 

 although it retained a special form of government, 

 was secularised in 1803, and divided among various 

 reigning houses. The Congress of Vienna gave 

 the greater part of the principality to Prussia, a 



