BM 



MONSTER 



MURAL DECORATION 



small portion being apportioned to Oldenburg, 

 while Hanover acquired the territories of the medi- 

 atised Dukes of Aremlicrg. The bishopric was 

 reconstituted in 1821. See works by Erhard 

 (1837), Cornelius (1855-60), Keller (18SOI, and 

 Detten (1887). There is another Minister in 

 Alsace, 12 miles SW. of Col mar by roils; pop. 3390. 



Mlllister, SKIIASTIAN, scholar, was born at 

 Ingelheim in the Palatinate in 1489, studied at 

 Heidelberg and Tubingen, and liecame a Fran- 

 ciscan monk, but at the Reformation he embraced 

 the new doctrines ( 1529). He then taught Hebrew 

 and theology at Heidelberg, and from 1536 niatlie- . 

 malic- at Basel, in which city he died on 23d May 

 1552. He brought out the first Hebrew Bible 

 ( 1534-35 1 edited by a German ; wrote Comnographia 

 (1544), a work on geography that kept its ground 

 for more than a century ; and published a Hebrew 

 grammar, a Chaldaic grammar (1527), and lexicon 

 (1527), and a Latin-Greek-Hebrew dictionary (1530). 



Mlllltjak (i.'frriilm iiiKiit/iic). These small 

 deer, of which there are several species, appear to 

 connect the true deer with the Chevrotains (q.v.) ; 

 they inhabit the forest tracts of the oriental region 

 i.e. India, China, Java, Sumatra, Formosa, and the 

 Philippines. The males have large canine teeth as 

 in the Chevrotains ; the horns are borne upon a 

 long pedicel covered with hair, which seems to 

 resemole the ' horn ' of the giraffe. 



Muntz's Metal. See BRASS. 



M (Inzer. THOMAS, one of the leaders of the 

 Anabaptists (q.v.), was born at Stolberg, in the 

 Harz, about 1489, studied theology, and in 1520 

 began to preach at Zwickau. His Christian social- 

 ism and liis mystical doctrines soon brought him 

 into collision with the Reformers and the town 

 authorities. He thereupon made a preaching tour 

 through Bohemia, Silesia, and Brandenburg, and 

 settled in Thuringja ( 1523). Again deprived of his 

 office, he visited N'ureml>erg, Basel, and other south 

 German cities, and was finally in 1525 elected pastor 

 of the Anabaptists of Muhlhausen, where he won 

 the common people, notwithstanding Luther's de- 

 nunciations of him, introduced his communistic 

 ideas, and soon had the whole country in insurrec- 

 tion. But on 15th May 1525 he and his men were 

 totally routed at Frankenhausen by Philip of 

 Hesse. Munzer himself was captured in flight and 

 executed on 30th May at Muhlhausen. 



Sre Lives by Melancl'ith.m (1525), Strobel (1795), and 

 Seidemann (1842); abo Kant-, Zeitalter der Reforma- 

 tion ( vol. ii. ), and Jiirg, OcKhichte del groacn Bautrn- 

 triegi (1650). 



II ii ni na. See EEL. 



Mural Circle, on astronomical instrument for 



the observation 

 of celestial bodies 

 at their meridian 

 passage. It con- 

 sists of a large 

 metal circle, 

 turning on an 

 axis the end of 

 which projects 

 from a solid stone 

 pier or wall 

 (whence the 

 name ), close to 

 which the circle 

 moves. The 

 plane of the circle 

 is set as nearly 



as possible in the meridian. Fixed immovably to 

 the circle is a telescope, which by turning the 

 circle is made to point to the star to be observed, 

 at the time of its meridian passage. Two wires, 

 one fixed and one movable, similar to those in the 



Moral Circle. 



Transit Circle (q.v.), enables the altitude, or zenith 

 distance, of the star to be noted, if tin' instrument 

 has l'en projierly adjusted, ami if the /enitli or 

 horizontal |>oint on the circle be known. On the 

 rim of the circle are divisions in degrees, &c., so 

 that the angle through which it is turned can It- 

 noted by means of several mierosco|>os, as in the 

 transit circle. The mural circles once in use at 

 Greenwich were six feet in diameter, and each 

 degree of the division on the edge measured more 

 than six-tenths of an inch in length. The manner 

 of support allowed of a large circle, which gave 

 this advantage. The mural circle is now almost 

 obsolete, modern improvements enabling all its 

 work to be much better done by the transit circle. 



Mural Crown. See CROWN. 



Mural Decoration dates from very ancient 

 times. The Egypt in n and Etruscan monuments 

 form an integral and important part of the history 

 of Painting (q.v.), and have helped to mould the 

 development of certain styles of art (see ARAII- 

 EStjl'E). Incised work and reliefs have been largely 

 employed. The Greeks tinted their temples and 

 ' picked out ' their sculptured friezes and pediments 

 with colour; coloured bricks were used in Assyrian, 

 and wall tiles (sec- POTTERY) in Moslem, architec- 

 ture. Some of the Roman walls were built of tufa 

 and red brick, coloured brick, terra-cot ta, and 

 variegated arrangements of marble were largely 

 used in Italy. The plaster- work known as Sgraffito 

 (q.v.) is especially adapted for this use. Many 

 English churches of the medueval period have been 

 built of Hint and stone, and much Tudor work of 

 parti-coloured brick. Distemper ami Fresco are 

 described in separate articles; water glass is a 

 silicate process of which there is an example in the 

 Houses of Parliament. Mosaic-work is extensively 

 used in floors and ceilings, but also occasionally 

 employed in mural decoration. The dado of the 

 Albert Memorial Chapel at Windsor is composed 

 of slabs of inlaid marble hatched with coloured 

 gold cement. See also TAPESTRY, WALL-PAPER. 



Another system is that known as Encaustic 

 Painting (Gr. encaiutikf, Mixed by fire'), a 

 manner of mural painting with a medium com- 

 posed principally of wax, practised by the 

 ancients. As the name implied that fire was 

 used in the execution, some have been led to 

 suppose that encaustic painting was the same as 

 enamel painting; but notices by Plin^- and other 

 writers show clearly that it was a species of paint- 

 ing in which the chief ingredient used for uniting 

 and fixing the colours was wax dissolved by heat. 

 Various attempts have l>ee-n made in modern times 

 to revive it. About the middle of the 18th cen- 

 tury Count (.'ay Ins and Bnchelier, ami in 1792 Mrs 

 Hooker of Rottingdean, under the name, of Emma 

 Jane Greenland, made various successful experi- 

 ments with this view. Encaustic painting was 

 again taken up in Germany under the patronage 

 of Louis I. of Bavaria, who commissioned Louis 

 Schnorr to execute a series of historical subjects on 

 the walls of the royal palace, Munich, tor pre- 

 paring her medium Mis Hooker dissolved gum- 

 arabic in water, afterwards adding gum-mastic, 

 which was dissolved by stirring and 1 toiling, and 

 when the mixture hud reached the boiling-paint 

 she put in the wax. After painting the picture, 

 she passed a thin coating of melted wax over it with 

 a hard brush, and then drew over the surface an 

 iron for ironing linen moderately heated. After 

 the picture cooled it was rubbed with a fine linen 

 cloth. The German method is somewhat similar, 

 but some other ingredients are used ; among these, 

 potash with the wax ; and, in place of an iron lK-ing 

 passed over the surface, the wax is brought to the 

 surface by a vessel containing fire being held at a 



