NADIYA 



NAGASAKI 



375 



of 3000 robliers, and gradually extended his terri- 

 torial authority. Persia was at this time ruled by 

 Ashraf, an Afghan, whose grinding tyranny and 

 cruelty produced in the mind of every Persian a 

 deadly hatred of the very name Afghan. Nadir 

 having avowed his intention of expelling the 

 hated race from the country and restoring the old 

 dynasty, numbers flocked to his standard, and 

 Meshed, Herat, and all Khorassan were speedily 

 reduced. Ashraf, signally defeated in several en- 

 gagements, fled before the avenger, wbo, with a 

 celerity only equalled by its thoroughness, purged 

 Persia of e'ven the semblance of Afgban domina- 

 tion. The rightful heir, Tamasp, then ascended 

 the throne, and Nadir received for his services 

 the government of the provinces of Khoras.san, 

 Mazanderan, Seistan, ami Kerman. He was sent 

 against the Turks in 1731, and defeated them at 

 Hamadan ; hut his sovereign having engaged un- 

 successfully the same enemy, Nadir caused him 

 to 1 put in prison, and elevated liis infant son, 

 Abbas III., to the throne in 1732. The death 

 of this puppet, in 1736, opened the way for the 

 elevation or Nadir himself, who was crowned as 

 Xmlir Hhah. He resumed the war with the Turks, 

 and, though totally defeated in the first two battles, 

 turned the tide of fortune in the sulisequent cam- 

 paign. He also conquered Afghanistan, and drove 

 hack the invading Uzliegs. Difficulties anise with 

 the Great Mogul, and, his envoy having been 

 murdered at Jelalabad, Nadir ravaged the North- 

 west Provinces, and took Delhi, which he pillaged. 

 With liooty to the amount, it was said, of 

 20,000,000, including the Koh-i-nur (see DIA- 

 MOND), he returned to the west bank of the Indus. 

 He next reduced TSokhara and Khaiirezni, restoring 

 to Persia her limits under the golden reign of the 

 S;is-aiiides. From this |>eriod liis character under- 

 went a sudden change; he liecame suspicious, 

 avaricious, and tyrannical, and was assassinated 

 20tli June 1747. 'See H. Maynard's Xadir Shah 

 (Stanhope Essay, 1885). 



Xadiya. capital of a district in Bengal, on the 

 Bhagirallii Kiver, 63 miles N. of Calcutta; pop. 

 14,105. It was the residence of the last independ- 

 ent Hindu king of Bengal (till 1203). 



Xtl'Vius, Gx.Kfs, with the exception of Living 

 Andronicus, the earliest of the creators of Latin 

 literature, was horn, probably in Campania, al>ut 

 265 B.C. In his youth he served in the first Punic 

 war, made- his first appearance at Home as a 

 dramatic writer in 235, and continued his activity 

 for thirty years. Of bis life we know little, save 

 that he was very decidedly attached to the plebeian 

 party, and in his plays satirised and lampooned the 

 Koinaii nobles with all the virulence ami indiscre- 

 tion of a hot -blooded impetuous Campaiiian that 

 Gascon of ancient Italy. He incurred the especial 

 hostility of the Metelli, and was imprisoned at 

 their instance, as we leam from a passage in the 

 Mi/fK (iliirinmiK of Plaiitns. He was ultimately 

 obliged to retire to Utica in Africa, where he died 

 after 2(>4. Ik-sides his dramatic writings, compris- 

 ing lioth tragedies and comedies, he wrote an epic 

 poem, lif lii-lln /'n, iii'ii. in the old Saturnian metre. 

 His work bore the stamp of the national genius, 

 and its vigour and invention gave pleasure to Cicero 

 and to Horace. Only a few very unimportant 

 fragments are extant, which may lie found in 

 editions more or less complete by'Vahlen (1K.'>4) 

 ami Hihbeek, >'<</, llnnnninrian I-'i'iii/- 



wiilii (2d ed. 1871-73). See also Sellar't I'm'ts of 

 the liniiiiiii Hr/inlilic, and Kiblieck, Die liumische 

 ' I 1875). 



(Lat., 'a mole;' known popularly as 

 mrtt/ier-s/iot or birth-mark) is a congenital mark or 

 growth strictly on a part of the skin. The most 



frequent form is the pigmentary n&vus, or mole. 

 This may be simply a darker pigmentation of a 

 circumscribed portion of skin ; or the pigmented 

 skin may l>e thickened and rough as well, and is 

 often thickly covered with hair. Moles do not 

 tend to increase, and do not need to be treated 

 unless for the sake of appearance. In that case, 

 removal by knife or destruction by caustics must 

 be resorted to. 



When the name is used without qualification, a 

 vascular na-vtis or overgrowth of capillary blood- 

 vessels is generally meant, and the term is used of 

 such abnormal growths in whatever organ or tissue 

 they occur. The slightest form is sometimes called 

 port-wine stain, and is sufficiently described by the 

 name : there is just so much overgrowth as to pro- 

 duce a deep red discoloration, without appreciable 

 swelling of the part affected. Frequently the 

 abnormal tissue forms a distinct tumour, either in 

 the skin, when it is of a dark red colour, or beneath 

 it, when it may sometimes l>e recognised by a blue 

 or purplish tinge. The most frequent situations 

 of these vascular na-vi are the skin and subcu- 

 taneous cellular tissue of the face and head ; but 

 they may occur elsewhere. The popular belief 

 is that they are caused by the longing of the 

 mother during her pregnancy for a hitistcr, or 

 strawberry or raspberry, or some other red-coloured 

 article of food, and that the influence of her 

 mind has impressed upon the foetus a more or 

 less vivid image of the thing she longed for ; and 

 hence the name of mother-spot. Sometimes these 

 tumours waste away spontaneously, and give no 

 trouble ; but frequently they increase rapidly, in- 

 vade the adjacent tissues, and ulcerate or slough, 

 and thus become dangerous to life by haemorrhage. 

 When these tumours do not show a tendency tx> 

 increase no treatment is necessary, except to 

 remove the disfigurement. When treatment is 

 desirable many ditlerent methods may be employed, 

 according to the form and situation of the tumour : 

 e.g. removal by knife or ligature ; coagulation of 

 the contained blood by electrolysis; production of 

 inflammation by application of caustics or, in 

 infants, by vaccination upon the nrevus. 



NAiia is, in Hindu Mythology, the name of 

 deitieJ serpents. Their king is Sesha, the sacred 

 serpent of Vishnu. 



S'aga Hills, a district of British India, the 

 south-eastern extremity of Assam, with an ap- 

 proximate area of 6400 sq. m. and a pop. of 

 130,300. It consists of a mountainous region, 

 covered with jungle and forest, the haunt of 

 various wild animals, and is inhabited by the 

 aliorigiual Nagas and other semi-savage people, 

 \\ hose incessant raids into the more orderly British 

 provinces occasioned much trouble from 1832 down 

 to 1881. In that vear their country was made 

 an administrative district, and garrisoned with a 

 native regiment. 



\aiiiir. See BEDNOR. 



>!isiasaki. a seaport of Kyfishu, Japan, and 

 for more than two centuries the only gate of com- 

 munication for that empire with the outer world. 

 Its harbour, famous for its beauty, is a narrow 

 inlet about 3 miles in length. Near its head, 

 Ix-sidc the native town, is the low, fan-shaped 

 island of Deshima, where the Dutch factory was 

 situated. From 1637 to 1859 the Dutch traders 

 were immured in this prison of 250 x 80 yards, the 

 monotony of their lives being varied by the arrival 

 of the yearly ship from Hatavia, and the annual 

 journey to redo, when presents were made to the 

 Sh6gun. Chinese traders were also permitted to 



carry on a limited trade. In 1859 Nagasaki became 

 one of the live open ports. The great Takashima 

 coal-mine, situated en an island 8 miles seaward of 



