NAMES 



New-ton. There are 120 Newtons, 17 Ncwbiggins. 

 l'J Xewports, 11 Xewbolds, 11 Newiihaiiis, and In 

 Newcastles. Burton, w hieh means an enclosure on 

 a biirh or hill, occurs 66 times ; Barton (bere-tun), 

 a grange or enclosure for corn or barley, occurs 45 

 time,. Hulton, mi enclosure on a/ioo or projecting 

 heel of land, is also very common. There are also 

 77 Suttons, ."i7 Norton*. :!ii Westons, and 14 Eastons. 

 The settlements of tin- Panes ill Ireland are marked 

 1>V tin- names of such ini|Hirtant towns as \Vntorford, 

 \\ xliiril, Carlingford, Limerick, and Wicklow : and 

 thiet- out of the four Irish provinces. Leinster, t'lster, 

 and Minister, where the sullix -sler means a sellle- 

 ment or district. In Normandy the Danish suffixes 

 by, -toft, -thur/ie, and -feet ap|>ear in the forms of 

 beeuf, -tut, -timrii, and -Jl'-m; ;is in Marlnruf, O,uille- 

 bcuf, Ivetot, Clitoiirps, Harlleur, and Honllciir. 

 The usual suftixes in German names are -weilrr, 

 -leben, -hof, -luiHseit, -henn, -ilm-f, -icik, -stadt, 

 burg, -bold, -hail, -sit:, -in;/ or -imjen, all of which 

 denote habitation or enclosure, while -ried or -ruilc 

 signifies a clearing, and -wcUd, -holt, -feld, and 

 hnin refer to iminhaliited places. 



In Celtic names, contrary to the Teutonic prac- 

 tice, the substantival element comes first, and the 

 adjectival last. Thus, CwmWhan i Celtic, Addis.- 

 romlie is English, Dairy is Celtic, Hydal i English. 

 The commonest element in Irish names is baile 

 I Anglicised /Hilly), meaning 'a town-land ' or 'vil- 

 lage,' which is found in the names of 6400 Irish 

 town-lands. Very frequent also are La, Hath, l>mi, 

 and Ciiitu; Cui'r. or Cur, which denote ' foi tilled 

 places;' Bud and i'i;//i (Welsh Ty), 'a house;' 

 Tre, common in Cornwall, means 'a village;' Kil 

 means 'a church;' Ath, 'a ford;' Coed and Coil, 'a 

 wood ; ' Clou, Ayh, Oort, Blair, and Magh or May 

 denote ' lields and plains ;' Ben, Pen, Cenn, Slieve, 

 Drum, Cefn, Itryn, Mull or Mac/, Anl, Tuila, 

 Kinfk, Has denote 'hills and ridges;' Stnitli, 

 Glen, Xunt are 'valleys;' Citrrick or Craiij means 

 'a rock;' Maen and Clorjh, 'a stone,' the plural 

 Cloghaii denoting either 'stepping-stones,' or the 

 vestones ' in a churchyard ; ftiix or Inch is 'an 

 ' Cut or Cl, 'a corner;' Tober, 'a well;' 

 a iniMir ;' I'm, ' a strand ;' and Lough, Loch, 

 or l.i/n, 'a lake.' Of the adjectival component* 

 the eonimonest are mor, 'great;' beg, 'little;' 

 ijurir, ' rough ; ' gins and liailt, ' green ' or ' gray ; ' 

 tiiibh, ' black ; ' gnrin, ' blue ; ' Intitl/te or boy, 

 'yellow;' ilriirg, ' leil ; <//and IHIII, 'white.' Thus, 

 Benmore is ' the great hill ; ' Ilalfour, ' the cold 

 town ;' Ardglas, 'the gray height.' 



In Turkish names the commonest components are 

 kiii, 'village;' Itisstir, 'castle;' serai, 'palace;' 

 kti/iri, 'bridge;' Innnnmn, 'hot baths; bazar, 

 ' market ; ' tlai/h, ' mountain ; ' bagh, ' garden ; ' fit, 

 ' water ; ' ermak, ' river ; ' dcntjhit, ' sea ; ' Hi, ' dis- 

 trict ;' with the qualifying elements i/eni, 'new;' 

 ejiki, ' old ; ' kiiru, ' black ; ' nl;, ' white ; kezil, ' red ;' 

 a/a, 'beautiful;' biiln, 'high.' Thus, we have 

 Yeni-koi, 'new village;' Iv-ki bazar, 'old market;' 

 Kara-Nil, ' black water ; ' Ak-serai, ' white palace ; ' 

 llala hissar, 'high castle;' Ke/il ermak, 'the led 

 river;' Ak dagh, 'white mountain;' Mus-Uigli, 

 'snowy iiioiinlain ; ' Alahagh, 'beautiful garden.' 

 Chinese names are usually easy to explain. \\ e 

 have names from colours, such as noang-ho, 

 'yellow river,' and Hoang luii. 'yellow sea;' from 

 l"i-ition, such as Nan-king. 'southern capital;' 

 Nan shan, 'southern ninunlains ; ' llo-nan. smith 

 of the river;' Yunnan, 'south of the clouds;' 

 Tung-king, 'eastern capital;' Shan tung, 'east of 

 the mountain;' or from size, as Ta-kiang, 'great 

 river.' 



Countries often take their names from some 

 small district which lirst l>ecame known to the 

 outer world ; from some ruling or conquering triU- ; 

 or from relative position. Thus, Asia originally 



' graves 



i-land; 



denottfl only the plain of Fphcsus, Africa the plain 

 .itliagc, Kurope the )ilain (if Thcl.cs. India 

 derive.- ii name from the people who dwelt on the 

 banks of the Indus; Swit/erland from the ullage 

 of Schwyy. ; 1'eiu fiom a Mnall i,tieam near 1'nnama, 

 800 miles north of the pieseiil iMnindary ; lt.-il\ from 

 a district in Calabria which first became known to 

 the (in-ek- ; (iieeee from a liilie in Kpirus, prohablv 

 not of (iii'i'k nice, \\lio lust came in contuct witli 



the liomuiis ; Knssia from a l-'imiic corniption of 

 the Swedish name of the \ikings who oc<-u]iied 

 XovgoriKl ; Hungary, Bidiemia, and IJmaiia from a 

 tcnipoi;,!\ oeeopAtkn by llunsaiid Boh ; Scotland 

 from the Scots, an invading Iiish sept ; England 

 from the Angles; I- 'lam-e fiom the Franks, a Ger- 

 man IriU- whose chiefs founded the ruling dynasty ; 

 Sweden and Denmark from the Suiones and the 

 Panes; 1'alestine from the 1'liilistines who occu- 

 pied the ]Kirtion of the coast which first became 

 known to the Greeks; and Portugal from (>jiito, 

 the first pail of the modern kingdom to ! con- 

 quered from the Moors. Spain is the laud from 

 which the Phu'iiicians obtained the skins of 

 'rabbits;' Bra/il i* the land which yielded the 

 braza, a valuable dye-wood; Poland means 'the 

 plains;' Lorraine takes its name from l.othair, 

 Bolivia from the liberator liolivar, China from the 

 T'sin dynasty ; Japan and Anatolia are l>oth ' lands 

 of the rising sun;' the Deccan is 'the south 

 country;' Norway, 'the northern route' taken by 

 the vikings ; Austria is ' the Eastern realm ; ' \\ Y--t 

 phalia. the land occupied by the inhabitants of the 

 'western plain' of the ^\ eser. Xi>rtliunil>crland 

 was originally the whole district north of the 

 Humber ; Sutherland, Surrey, Suffolk, Sn 

 Norfolk, Northampton, Essex, AVessex, and \\ 

 morland are all named from their jHisition. 



Nations are frequently called by their neighbours 

 by a name ditleient from that by which they desig- 

 nate tlienisehes. Thus, Germany is .'i name bor- 

 rowed by the 1 tomans from the Cauls, and is 

 applied to n country called Deutsehland by its 

 inhahitiiiiis. who designate themselves as Deutsche, 

 'the people,' while the Slavs call them Xiemiee, 

 which means the ' dumb ' or ' unintelligible ' people. 

 Their 1'rench name is derived from that of the 

 Allcmannic frontier tribe; the Magyars call them 

 Swabiaiis, the Finns and Gypsies call them Saxons. 

 The AVeJsh call us Saxons, while we call ourselves 

 Englishmen. \Yelsh is a general term meaning 

 'foreigners,' applied by Teutonic races to non- 

 Teutonic trilics. \Ve apply it to the Cymry, the 

 Germans apply it to Italians. Cornwall, properly 

 Corn-wales, is the land inhabited by the Welsh of 

 the hoin: Walloon and AVallachian are Teutonic 

 names used to denote neighbouring races speaking 

 neo-Latiii dialects. Those whom we call Lapps 

 call themselves Sabme. Those whom we call 

 Finns call themselves C^nains or Suomalaiset, and 

 by the liussians are called Tschuds, which means 

 'foreigners' or 'barbarians.' The people who call 

 themselves either Slavs, 'the speakers,' or Serbs, 

 ' kinsmen,' were railed by the Germans Wends, 

 which means 'foreigner*' or 'strangers.' 



The map abounds with names which record 

 recent discovery or settlement. The Straits of 

 Magellan, Torres Stiait. the licrinudas, the islands 

 of .liian Fernatidc/ and Fernando Po hear the 

 names of Spanish and Portuguese explorer* ; Cape 

 Horn, the Orange Itiver, New /calami, New- 

 Holland, the (.nil of Carpentaria, ami Tasmania 

 or Van Piemen, Land bear witness to the enter- 

 prise of the Dutch; Montreal, Detroit, New 

 Orleans, Louisiana, and St Louis to Fiench colon- 

 isation in America; Hehring Strait bears the name 

 of a Dane in the Russian service; while Hudson 

 Hay, liallin llav. Davis Strait, Cook Strait, Bass 

 Strait, Vancouver Island Itear the names of 



