4 i 



NATURALISM 



NAUTILUS 



ii.i> -wept away all the disabilities to which 

 aliens were subjected in the taking, holding, and 

 inheriting of land (nee ALIEN), the diranetfaM 

 between denizatiun and naturalisation U of little 

 practical importance. It is, however, to he 

 observed that the statute (12 and 13 Will. III. 

 chap. 2, sect. 3) which disqualifies a denizen from 

 la-ing a member of the Privy-council or of parlia- 

 ment, and from holding any ollice of trust, civil or 

 military, Mill remains in force. 



SM the Un<Uni works on international law ; Nation- 

 ality, by rin.-fjii.tioe Cockbnrn ( 1H) ; and La ffation- 

 aI,U, by CogonUn (M ed. 1890). 



Naturalism, a term once used as almost cipii v- 

 alent to Ik-ism, ami sometime, for nature-worship, 

 also for brutish defiance of moral law, i- now 

 usually employed as synonymous with KealUm 

 (q.v.) in art, literary or other. 



Natural Philosophy U a term still fre- 

 quently employed in (treat Hritain to designate 

 Physics (q.v.), or the branch of physical science 

 which has for its subject those properties and 

 phenomena of bodies which are UMMonpuM by 

 any essential change in the bodies themselves. 

 See SCIENCE. 



Natural Selection. See DARWINIAN 



TllKllRY. 



Natural Theology. See APOLOGETICS, and 



Til HI n.. i,, v. 



Nature-printing, a process by which engrav- 

 ings or plates answering thereto are produced by 

 taking LmpreHiau of the objects themselves, and 

 printing from them, invented or improved about 

 1853 by Alois Auer of Vienna. Suitable objects 

 for they must have tolerably flat surfaces such as 

 dried and pressed plants, embroidery and luce, are 

 placed between a plate of copper and another of 

 lead, both worked smooth, and |>olished ; the 

 plates are drawn through a pair of rollers, under 

 pressure ; then, when the plates are separated, it 

 Is found that a more or less perfect impression of the 

 object has been made in the leaden plate. This 

 may be used directly as an engraved plate, if 

 only a very few impressions arc wanted ; or a fac- 

 simile of it may be obtained in eo|>)ier by the 

 electrotype process. Nature-printing has lieen 

 superseded by photographic methods. See ILLUS- 

 TRATION' OF HOOKS, PHOTOGRAPHY. 



NauYratls, <> ancient city of Kgypt, situated 

 in the Nile delta, near the modern village of 

 Nebireh, 47 miles SI-'., of Alexandria, existed in 

 the 7th century B.c. It was the only city in 

 l>t at which the (Ireeks were aUowwftO trade; 

 was celebrated for its artistic pottery : and w;i- a 

 centre for the worship of Aphrodite. ' The site was 

 discovered by Flinders 1'etrie in 1SS4, nnd exca- 

 vated by him in that and the following year. II i- 

 monograph Xtntknttit (1886) gives an account of 

 the ruined temples and tin- many valuable ai> 

 olnxiral dis. -iivcrics maile on this site. 



Naiicatlick. in Connecticut, on the Naugatuck 

 Kivi-r, ! miles by rail XN\V. of New Haven, con- 

 tains the factory of the Coodycar Clove ami KuMirr 

 Company, and also manufactures cutlery and iron- 

 wares. Pop. (1900) 10,541. 



Nanmarhlo, a (Jreek word signifying liter- 

 ally a naval buttle ; afterward*, among t lie liomans, 

 a spectacle which consisted in the imitation of a 

 naval battle. Julius Ciesar was the first to intro- 

 duce a naninachia into Koine, 46 B.C., causing a 

 portion of the Campus Martins to be dag to form 

 a lake, on which the spectacle came off. AU_MI-IU- 

 al-'i made an artilicial lake near the Tilier for the 

 same purpose, and Claudius employed Lake Fin-inns 

 where on one occasion I9.OOO romb;it.-inis were 

 engaged for this purpose. The combatant* were 



for the most part either captives or condemned 

 criminals. These minium Inn wcic not .ilnnnjiijlilt 

 any more than were ordinary gladiatorial com'1.. 

 lioth sides fought on in real earnest for dear life 

 until one was utterly overpowered. 



NaUIUlllirg, a <|iiaint old town of I'lussi.-ui 

 S:i\oii\. on the S:uile, in an amphitheatre of vine 

 clad lulls, 30 miles l>v rail S\\ . of I.eip/i;.-. (If iu 

 six churches, the triple tuweied cathedral ( l-li7 4'J) 

 is a noble Romanesque ami (iothic stinctnn-. 

 The inanufartures include ivory can ings, combs, 

 hosicrj, wine, iVc. The yearly 'cherry feast 'com- 

 memorates the raising of the siege of Nanmbiirg 

 by the Hussite leader Procopius in ie.|>oi>sc t4i the 

 supplication of the children (28th July 143-.J); l.ut 

 historians cast doubt on the whole epi< 



The seat of a bishopric (1(159-1564), Naunihiirg 

 sutlcred much in the Thim ^ Mil War; in 1814 it 

 came to Prussia. Pop. ( 1875) 16,258 ; (1890) 19,73!l. 

 See works by Putt rich ( 1843 ) and Mitzschke ( 1881 ). 



Nailplia. a small fortified town and seaport 

 with an excellent roadstead in the Moren, (MCI <-.-. 

 at the northern extremity of the Onlf of AffM OT 

 Nauplia, 25 miles S. of ('(ninth. At an eaily 

 jM-ricHl it was the port and arsenal of Argos. In 

 the 13th century it was occupied by the Venetians 

 (who called it Na]mli di llomania), and it was 

 taken by the Turks in 1540. From 1824 to 1835 it 

 was the capital of Greece, and had a population of 

 upwards of 12,000; but on the removal of the 

 court to Athens it fell into decay. Pop. 4598. 



N'niipliiis. See CRUSTACEA. 



Nausea is a distressing sensation always re- 

 f erred to the stomach. It is unattended by pain, 

 liut is usually accompanied by a feeling of general 

 languor or debility, a small and often irregular' 

 pulse, a pale, cool, and moist skin, general mus- 

 cular relaxation, an increased flow of saliva, and a 

 sensation that vomiting will supervene. It is most 

 commonly a direct symptom of disease or disorder 

 of the stomach, but sonietimcH it is a very import- 

 ant imHii'l symptom of disease of some part at a 

 distance from the stomach as, for example, the 

 Inain or the kidney. The nausea which is so 

 troublesome to pregnant women is due to the 

 irritation excited by the enlarged uterus licing 

 reflected by nervous agency to the stomach. Sea- 

 sickness U separately discussed. 



Nauteh Ciirls, or I).\VAI>J-:RE.S, public female 

 dancers in India and the F.ast Indies. Their per- 

 formances constitute a principal part in the spec- 

 tacular entertainment called a nauU-h or natch. 



Nautieal Almanac. See ALMANAC. 



Nautilus, a remarkable mollusc in the class of 

 Cephalopods, the only surviving incmlier of a race 

 once abundant. It dillc-is conspicuously from the 

 other extant < 'cplmlopods or 'cuttle fish ' in | ...... 



ing a shell, within the outermost chainU-r of which 

 it lives, while the lobe- of the 'foot ' round about 

 the mouth Ix-ar numerous tentacles retiactile into 

 sheaths, the 'siphon' consists of two free folds, 

 the eyes are open sacs without cornea or lens, there 

 are four gills and four kidneys, and there is no 

 ink bag. The spiral shell, coiled in one plane like 

 that of the walei snail Planorbis. dilleis from this 

 in lieing chambered ; moreover, the foot or ventral 

 side ni the enclosed animal is towards the outside 

 in Nautilus, towards the inside in I'lanorbis. \\ hen 

 young the Nautilus lives in a small shell bent like 

 a horn ; with growth this is increased spirally, but 

 as the animal periodically draws it -elf onwards 

 ami closes a door In-hind it, a chambered spiial 

 icsulls, in which the original shell is in the \, iv 

 centre. The successive cliamtars are all connected, 

 however, by an organic, partially calcareous tulw ; 

 and all except the outermost, in which the animal 



