NAVARRE 



NAVICULAR 



411 



to the south Spanish only is spoken. Until now 

 Spanish has encroached far more on Basque in 

 Navarra than lias French in Basse-Navarre. 



History. In Roman times the country now called 

 Navarre was occupied by the Iberian Vascones, who 

 have given their name both to Basques and Gascons. 

 Within historic times there has been a strong Celtic 

 element in the country. The capital, Pamplona 

 ( Pompeiapolis ), recalls the Koman Triumvir, but 

 the older native name, Iran ( Irnnean ), is often on 

 books printed at Pamplona. The subjection of the 

 Vascones to the Visigoths was nominal only. On 

 the downfall of the latter and the incursion of the 

 Arabs the mountains of Navarre became one of 

 the early centres of resistance and of reconquest. 

 From the native chiefs, or counts, arose the 

 first dynasty of Navarre Garcia Jimenez (860) 

 to Sanchp the Strong (1234). The history of 

 Navarre is full of interest. In 778 the rout of 

 Charlemagne's rear-guard, and the death of Roland 

 at Roncesvalles, furnished a theme for countless 

 poems and romances. With Aragon and Castile 

 Navarre shares the honour of being one of the 

 first countries in which parliamentary rule with 

 representation of towns and commons ( Univer- 

 tultule*) obtained. The Cortes ( Curias ) arose out 

 of the Councils, and there was regular represen- 

 tation of the three orders before the close of the 

 12th century. During this period Navarra gained 

 its name and modern limits, but under Sancho 

 the Great (1023-35), and again (1109-34) under 

 Alfonso I., it seemed as if the nnion completed 

 tinder Ferdinand and Isaliel would have taken 

 place three or four centuries earlier. Sancho 

 the Strong left no male heirs, and the future suc- 

 cession of Navarre was singularly broken from the 

 same cause. The crown passed to Thibaiit, count 

 of Champagne, through tiie younger daughter. 

 There were three kings of this house from 1234-84, 

 when the crown passed by marriage to Philippe le 

 Bel of France. Five kings of France (1284-1328) 

 reigned over Navarre, when, through the female 

 succession, it passed to Philippe, count of Evreux ; 

 three kings of this line succeeded Philip III., 

 Charles II. the Bad, and Charles HI. Under them 

 Navarre reached its highest pros|>erity ; most of 

 the architectural Iteauties of Navarre date from 

 this period, 1328-1416. Navarre had been always 

 closely connected with Arogon, and three of its 

 kings had already Ixmie the title of Aragon and 

 Navarre. Blanca, the daughter of Charles III., 

 married first Martin, king of Sicily, and after his 

 death Juan II. of Aragon. Civil war arose lie- 

 tween him and his son, Don Carlos, Prince of 

 Viana, one of the most interesting characters of 

 his time. The factions of Beaumont ( Don Carlos) 

 and of Agramont (-Juan II.) proved the ruin of 

 Navarra. Henceforth her jealous nei;_'lil>ours could 

 always rely on the support of one . other in their 

 encroachments. Leonor, the daughter of Juan II., 

 married Gnston of Foix, and thus Navarre became 

 united to Beam ; her granddaughter, Catharine de 

 Foi.x, married Jean d'AIHret in I486, and during 

 their reign in 1512 the Duque d'AIha conquered 

 Navarra, which has since been united with the 

 Spanish crown. French Navarre was joined to 

 that of France by the accession of Henri of Navarre 

 in 1589, bnt the formal union was not completed 

 until 1620 by Lonis XIII. After its union Spanish 

 Navarre was governed by a viceroy, and retained 

 its own cortes, mint, style of kings' ( Carlos III. of 

 Spain was VI. of Navarra, &c. ), power of taxation, 

 and Fueros (q.v.). These privileges were almost 

 wholly lost by the first Carlist war ( 1833-39), and 

 were still more diminished by the second ( 1872-76). 

 Navarra is now one of the forty-nine provinces of 

 Spain, with merely local self-government in minor 

 matters in certain districts. In France Basse 



Navarre preserved its fueros till 1789, refused to 

 send deputies to the States-general as part of 

 France, and declared that it would only accept the 

 new constitution if it were better than its own. 

 The fueros of Navarre are more like those of 

 Aragon than those of the Basque Provinces. In 

 their written form they are probably not older 

 than the 13th century, but many provisions point 

 back to a higher antiquity. The seven Fauinias 

 ( precedents ) are in the form of apologues, animals 

 are considered as morally responsible and guilty of 

 homicide towards each other, marriage is a civil 

 right, the children of a concubine (barragana) are 

 provided for, compurgation is in full force, and 

 social excommunication is inflicted on those who 

 will not conform to the customs. Toleration is 

 extended to Moors and Jews, and the oath to be 

 taken by the latter is very long and curious. In 

 the Cortes the power of taxation was secured by 

 supplies lieing withheld until all grievances had 

 been redressed. With consent of the Cortes the 

 king might amend, but could not impair the fueros. 

 Navarre was a frontier of the English possessions 

 in south-west France from 1152 to 1453. Richard 

 I. and Henry IV. married princesses of Navarre ; 

 had the former had issue, they would have been 

 heirs of Navarre in preference to the counts of 

 Champagne. Charles the Bad was the ally of the 

 Black Prince, who passed through his dominions 

 to Navarrete. Wellington blockaded Pamplona, 

 and marched through Navarre in 1813-14. 



See P. J. Moret, Inmtiijacianei Bittorieas del reyno 

 de A'avarra (1 vol. 1665) and Annies del reyno de 

 Nnrarra (3 vols. Pamplona, 1684) both reprinted by 

 E. Lopez of Toltisa in 1S90-91; Tanguas, Diccionario 

 de lot Antii.medadet de A'ararra (4 vols. Pamplona, 

 1840-43); Fuero General de Navarra (Pamplona, 1869) ; 

 La Nararrt Franfaite, par. M. G. B. de Lagreze (2 

 vols. Paris, 1881 ) ; the decisions of the Cortes under 

 title (juaderno de lot Leyet y Af/ramot Reparados, <kc., 

 vol. Tij., and V. de la Fuente, Ettudioi Critical lobre la 

 Hiiloria, y el Direcho de Araijon, vols. i. and ii. (Madrid, 

 1884-85). 



Nave. See CHURCH, GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 



Xavew (Fr. imrelte), a garden vegetable much 

 cultivated in France and other parts of the con- 

 tinent of Europe, although little used in Britain. 

 It is by some botanists regarded as a cultivated 

 variety of Brassica napug, or Rape (q.v.), whilst 

 others refer it to S. cttmjiestris, sometimes called 

 Wild Navew, the species which is also supposed to 

 be the original of the Swedish Turnip (q.v.). The 

 part used is the swollen root, which is rather like 

 a carrot in shape. Its colour is white. Its flavour 

 is much stronger than that of the turnip. It 

 succeeds best in a dry, light soil. The seed ig 

 sown in spring, and tile plants thinned out to 5 

 inches apart. Wild Naveiv is extensively culti- 

 vated in the north of France and Holland for the 

 sake of its seed, which yields Colza oil. 



Navicillar Disease, in the horse, consists 

 of an inflammation, often of a rheumatic char- 

 acter, of the small bone the navicular below 

 which passes the strong flexor tendon of the foot. 

 It is most common amongst the lighter sorts of 

 horses, and especially where they nave upright 

 pasterns, out-turned toes, and early severe work 

 on hard roads. It soon gives rise to a short trip- 

 ping yet cautions gait, undue wear of the toe of the 

 shoe, and projecting or "pointing ' of the affected 

 limb whilst standing. Even when early noticed 

 and in horses with well-formed legs, it is incur- 

 able ; and when of several weeks' standing it leads 

 to so much inflammation and destmction of the 

 tendon and adjoining parts that soundness and fit- 

 ness for fast work again are impossible. In order to 

 reduce the pain and inflammation, rest should at 

 once be given, the shoe removed, the toe shortened. 



