NAVY 



NAXOS 



46-ton gun --bowed energy little less tlmn that of 

 i In- (37 ton K""> "'"' greater |M>\ver of penetration 

 llian the 1 Hi-ton #1111. In the smaller types of quick- 

 tiring guns the projectile and charge are ina>le up 

 iu one cartridge, and by an ingenious arrangement 

 of tin- breech it can be opened and closed by "" 

 man almost instantaneously. Tlie first quick-firing 

 gurus were the 3 -pounders and 6-pouudere invented 

 by Nordenfelt and Hotchkiss : these guns tired 

 twenty-eight rounds a minute. A 40-|>ounder 

 quick-firer, made at Elswick, proved most success- 

 ful. A 100-poiinder gun was the next enterprise 

 (see CANNON, MACHINE (it N ). 



The nine battleships of the Spencer programme 

 Majestic, Miii/niji'-i nt, rirtnritiiix, I'rince George,, 

 Mart, Jupiter, Illustrious, llannitxil, and Citsar, 

 launched 1896-97 were of 14,900 tons, and the 

 largest ships afloat except the Italia and Leptmtn. 

 The Canopus class ( Canopus, Ocean, Goliath, Albion, 

 Glory, Vengeance ) are of about 12,950 tons. The 

 Renown is of 12,350. The Spartiale, launched 

 1808, is of 11,000 tons. The first-class cruisers 

 Powerful and Terrible are ships of 14,000 tons. 

 The Formidable, launched in the end of 1898, like 

 the Irresistible and the Implacable then being 

 built are called 'improved Majesties,' as the 

 Majestic was itself called ' an improved Royal 

 Sovereign.' The tonnage is 14,900, ttie engines are 

 15,000 horse-power, and there are twin screws ; the 

 side armour is 9 inches thick l>y 15 feet deep. The 

 ship is armed with four 12-inch breechhwiding wire 

 guns, twelve 6-inch quick-firers, each in its own 

 casemate of Harveyed steel ; sixteen 12-ponnder 

 quick-firers; two 12 pounder 8-cwt. guns; eight 

 Maxims ; four submerged torpedo-tubes ; ana a 

 heavy steel ram. The cost of the greater ships 

 may lie set down at or over 1,000,000. 



In 1898 there were 30 battle-ships of the first 

 class afloat, 7 of the second, and 21 of the third ; 

 14 coast defence ships ; 9 armoured cruisers ; 16 first- 

 class cruisers ; 64 second ami third class cruisers ; 19 

 lookout ships ; 34 torpedo gunboats ; 147 first-class 

 torpedo boats, 4 of the second class and 20 of the 

 third. Besides, there were building 9 first-class 

 battle-ships, 12 first-class cruisers, 2 sloops, 4 gun- 

 IK i;it*, and 41 torpedo destroyers. The new pro- 

 gramme of 1898 comprised 3 battle - ships, 4 

 armoured cruisers, and 4 sloops, besides 4 armoured 

 cruisers ordered in July 1897. 



The naval estimates proposed by Mr Goschen for 

 1898 99 amounted to 23,780,000, providing for a 

 force of 106,000 men and l>oys of all ranks. 



As compared with the French navy, next in 

 size, Britain had, in 1898, in battle-ships 53 to their 

 32 ; in armoured cruisers 18 to their 9 ; protected 

 cruisers 109 to 36 ; in unprotected cruisers 16 to 

 16 ; in coast defence ships 15 to 14 ; in torpedo 

 craft 214 to the French 225. The general con- 

 tention is that Britain must keep her navy strong 

 enough to defeat any two other navies. 



The great naval review at Spithead in the 

 Jubilee year, 1897, attracted notice to the un- 

 paralleled strength of the British navy. And after 

 th" (lei-man Emperor's letter to President Kruger 

 in 1896, and during the Fashpda incident in 1898, 

 the weight of the navy obviously influenced the 

 scales of diplomacy. The year of the Czar's peace 

 manifesto (1898) saw the uii<>r destruction of the 

 Spanish navy by that of the Knited States, a still 

 more convincing proof of the importance of a 

 powerful nai Y lhaii the destruction of the Chinese 

 Hi-el by the Japanese in 1894 ; ami Britain, France, 

 I ;. -1111:111 v. ami UiiHsia were all increasing their 

 naval strength. 



In IHtil, jiml liefore the Introduction of ironclads, 

 the flagship in the Mediterranean was the wn-w 

 thiw-di-cker .Vrirlboroitiili, of 121 guns, ami with 

 a crew of 1200 officers and men. Tlie officers and 



crew of a line-ol -battle ship averaged as a rule 

 from 800 to !.~)O : of a Iri^ale. from 400 to 600 ; and 

 smaller -hip.- in pKipoition. A modern battle -ship 



of the Colossus type lias a c plement of 450 otliceis 



iiiul men ; a barlieile ship of the I!<*lnry elass, one 

 of 660; and a hioadside ship of .';.< 



type, one of "50. The h*,i amiable (1898), if us,-d 

 as flag-ship, has a complement of 789 olliccis mid 

 men. In u battleship, with a complement of 000 

 nllicers ami men, the numhcix and ratings would 

 be approximately as follows: the vice-admiral and 

 his staff, consisting of his Hag-lieutenant, secretary, 

 and 4 secretary's clerks ; a captain, commander, 

 .-tall' commander (for navigating duties), 6 licn- 

 tenants, 2 sub-lieutenants, 13 midshipmen, 7 

 warrant officers, 3 marine officers, a chaplain, and 

 naval instructor, 3 surgeons, a paymaster, a chief 

 engineer, and 5 assistant-engineers. The ship's 

 company would be com|Hised of alxiut 40 chief, [) 

 and 2d class petty officers and leading seamen, 260 

 seamen and boy's, 90 marines, 15 engine-room 

 artificers, and 120 stokers, the remainder bandsmen 

 and other non-combatants. Not only are the com- 

 plements of modern ships much smaller than in the 

 old ships, but the proportion of trained seamen is 

 also much smaller in comparison with the rest of 

 the crew. This is due to the increase of the engine- 

 room staffs, and to the large number of stokers now 

 carried in the new ships, amounting sometimes to 

 as many as one-third of the whole complement. 

 As this* large numlier of untrained men seriously 

 affects the fighting efficiency of ships, steps are 

 now taken to minimise the danger by training the 

 stokers regularly at heavy gun and other drill, so 

 that those not actually required in the stokeholes 

 may l>e available for use as coml>ataiits in action. 

 Foreign men-of-war are far more heavily manned 

 than English ships of a similar size. By the Naval 

 Defence Act of 1889, and in the estimates of 1898, 

 provision was made to carry into effect a large 

 increase of the jtersonnel of the navy. 



See Derrick, The Britisk Navy (1806): W. Junes, 

 Waral History of Great Britain (3d ed. 6 vols. 1847); 

 King, Hants of the World (1880); Lord Brusey, The 

 British A'ary (5 veils. 1882-83), and his A'ary Annual . 

 O. T. Mahan, Influence of tla Sea Pover (18!i2) ; several 

 works by Spencer Wilkinson (1894-95); Colomb, AotW 

 Defence (1893); H. H. Wilson, Ironclads in Actio.i 

 (1895); Robinson, Tht Britiih Flrrt (new ed. 1896); 

 Steevens, Aame Policy ( 1896 ) : W. L. Clowes and other-, 

 The Royal ttavy (8 vohu 1897-99); and the Annual 

 Naval Pocket-Book by Clowes. For the Royal Naval 

 College, ue UBEENWICH ; see also THAININO-HHII-S, 

 TACTICS, CADET. MAHINKH, NAVAL KEKKKVK, TOWKI>. 

 GUN, Ac. ; the articles on ADMIRAL, CAPTAIN, ic. ; 

 those on the great naval commanders, BLAKE, NF.I.SN. 

 &c. ; and the sections of the articles on the various 

 countries FRANCE, GERMANY, ITALY, &c. dealing 

 with national defence. 



NAVY AI.I \i. a banker and attorney for naval 

 officers, who Ix-ars some such relation to Admiralty 

 expenditure as the Army Agent (q.v.) to War Office 

 expenditure. By the Act of 1865, each of Her 

 Majesty's ships of war, while in commission, has 

 an agent appointed by the commander, and regis- 

 tered. His duties are to act for the shut in cases 

 of salvage, merchant shipping law, distribution of 

 pri/e-money, capture of slave-ships, &c. He 

 ii-ccjves 2J per cent, as payment in full of his 

 services. See the Nc.vy List. 



>a:ui!isj!ir. a seaport of India, and capital 

 of a nath r -late (area, 1380 so. m. ; pop. 320,000 ), 

 si amis on th<- south shore of the Gulf of ditch, 

 310 miles N\V. of Bombay. Pop. ( 1891 ) 48,630. 



>nworth Castle. See LANERCOST. 



\:i\ox. the largest, most lieautiful, and most 

 fertile of the Cyclades, is situated in the /Kgean, 

 midway lietween the coasts of Greece and Asia 



