428 



NKKIH.KS 



NKC.UOKS 



them removwl with soap and witter, the ne-edles 



have- a bright jih-li. It should be said thai by 

 this process, before the needle* are thus rolled \vitli 

 putty iMiwdcr and oil, they HH> previously mlle-d in 

 annular way with Hand ami e'liiery -jiowiicr. Ann 

 receiving a high polish the needles are not totiche-d 

 again liy hand before leaving the factory, in order 

 to prevent rust. 



Tin- needle* now require to be laid with their 

 heads in one din-ciion. A gun-metal disc revolv- 

 ing viTtically takes up each ne-e-dle- liy a groove in 

 its iK-riphery. and lets it fall on an inclined glass 

 plate. OwtOiJ to the taper form of the pouted 

 .mis of the needles they descrilx- an are in re-voh - 

 ing, so that those with the points in one direction 

 roll to the right anil the cithern fall round to the 

 left. The linished needles, although intended to 

 be of the same siw, ill ways dill'er to some extent 

 in their lengths, so that those of exactly one si/c 

 require to be seiiaraU'd from other lengths by the 

 sorting process, in which gauges aro used. _Iosily. 

 the needles are papered either by being spitted on 

 eloth past c.*d to pa|>er, or by lieing made up into 

 small packets, ill which case the bit* of paper aro 

 cut and folded in a machine like that used for 

 envelope making. 



It is estimated that almiit ">0 millions of needles 

 and articles akin to them are made weekly in the 

 Redditeh district. These are of many sorts and 

 sizes, including large needles for sewing canvas and 

 such special kinds as are nsecl for upholstery, surgi- 

 cal, and Rome other purjHises. Recently a, grooving 

 machine has Ix-en use-d m the manufacture of sew- 

 ing machine needles instead of the old stamping 

 prut-eta. See the Engineer, vol. Ixii. p. 224 ( 1880) ; 

 and the volume on the Birmingham trades in 

 Bevan's British Mninifiu't nring Jnttiistries. 



Needles. See WIGHT ( ISLE OF ). 

 >-c-llework. See BAYEUX TAPESTRY, EM- 



iii:iiiiiKiiY, L.u'K, and TAI'KSTKY. 



Xeerwindeil, a small village in the north west 

 corner of the Belgian province of Liege, is noted for 

 the victory gained by the French under Luxembourg 

 over tin- Knglish under William III. (2!lth July 

 1893), and also for the defeat of the French under 

 Dm ..... iriez by the allies under the Prince of Coburg 

 (18th March "1793). 



\e Exeat Regno i ''"' ''<'' "' a "'"'< issued 



by a sii|>crior court to prevent MI indiviilual leaving 

 the kingdom, unless lie gives security to abide a 

 decree Hi i he court. 



>'elf. KKI.IX, a Protestant pastor, lioni at (Jeneva, 

 .Hth Octoln-r 17HS. was in his twenty-sixth year 

 ordaine-d, in Kngland, to minister to the neglected 

 inhabitants of the lofty Alpine valleys in the east 

 of the department of Haute Alpes. His parish 

 was a most dillicult erne to minister to. owing to its 

 mountainous nature ami great extent (NO miles 

 long), and the uncivilised character of the people. 

 Hut with unwearied devotion and simple pietv 

 Xeff laboured among* I them like his chosen model, 

 Oberlin (q.v.), until his death. 12th April 1829. 

 See Memoir by \V. S. (iilly ( 1832), and Letters and 

 ifih tj (trans, from French of Host, 1843). 



Negapatam. a seaport of British India, on the 

 Coromaiidel coast, I HO miles S. by W. of Madras 

 city. Originally a PWtnjnMM settlement, it was 

 taken by the Dutch in IfMK), and by the Knglish in 

 1781. The port trades in cottons, live-stock, ghi 

 (exported), and spices, piece-goods, coal, gunny 

 Mo* (imported), to the total annual value of 

 900,000, chiefly with Burma, the Straits Settle- 

 ments, and Ceylon. Pop. ( IN91 ) , r i,22l. 



Negligence. See LIABILITY OP KMI-I.OYKRM. 



Ne-urileis in the name given by the Spaniards 

 to certain Negro-like tribes inhabiting the interior 



of some of the Philippine Islands, and differing 

 lioth in features and manners from the Malay 

 inhabitants of the Eastern Archipelago. They 

 seem to lie more closely akin to the Andaman 

 Islanders than to either Papuans or any other 

 -tuck ; and are also known as Ac-tax or Itas (see 

 Pim.iiTlXK ISLANDS). The name is also used in 

 a wider sense for the Papuans and all the Melan- 

 c-sian people's of Polynesia (q.v.). For certain 

 roM African jieoplcs, see ETHNOLOGY. 

 Xejjrwes. The negroes and jieople of negro char- 

 ic-risiics ut home are dealt with at AFRICA and 

 I.III\(II.IM;Y. In Amc-rica the i c^jrub, iti. iw 

 word is used for all of African i*"> in t* t-. . by j. H. 



t, whether .if the trnel'"""'"""" "" 1 "'- 

 negro or of Bantu stock. The total numlier of ne- 

 groes, pure or mixed, in America has lieen recently 

 estimated as somewhat aliove twenty millions, i.f 

 v liom .'ilMiut one third aie in the area of the I nitcd 

 Slates. Their importation has been going on 

 steadily since ibe early years of the llHh century, 

 when it was lie-gun by the Spaniards, even the 

 good I,as Casas recommending it in the inl- 

 of the native' Indians. Itolh Que?en Eli/abe-ih 

 and King^ James I. issued patents to English 

 (slave-trading companies operating between the; 

 coast of Guinea and the American colonies. F.ng- 

 land, by the treaty of t'trecht (1713), engaged to 



carry out th nirae-t of the old French Cuim-a 



Company, and to import inte) the New World 

 l.'iO.INK) slaves in the course- of the next thiity 

 \e-ais, and is said to ha\e- more- than made- ^'"1 

 ilie e-nj;agement. In the 1'nilcd Stales the tiallic 

 was open and active until the passage- of the- Act of 

 1794 prohibiting the importation of >la\cs into any 

 of the' federal ports. Long afte-r this it continued 

 to lie abrisk business in iln- \Ve-st Indies and South 

 America. As late as 1840 there were seventy-five 

 ships plying constantly be-lwe-e-n liia/ilian i 

 anet the African coast, bringing cargoes of :it>0 or 

 400 slaves at e-ae-h triji. The principal points at 

 which the shncs \vcn- obtainecl were along the 

 e-oast of (iuiiu-a. esiiecially on what was known as 

 the slave Coast, between the- ii\r i ami 



Assinii'. whe-re- were the- crowde-el marts of \\aidah 

 and Anamaboe. and again along the Angola coast, 

 from 8 to 18 S. lat. In these- two re-gions 

 the traders encountered two ouite> dillcrent 

 braiic'hi's of the Afiicaii lace, and their human 

 wares in America show that they we're de-rived 

 from dill'erent sources. Along the- Ci:inc.>a e-oast, 



w he-i most of the slave's brought to the United 



States we're dethe'd, the- population belongs to the 

 true negro type. ,\s most of the coast i 

 enriched by the tiallic did not sell their own 

 mcmlieis, hut obtained t he slaves from the inte-iior 

 l.\ rapture' or purchase, we- do not timl traces of the 

 j'ans. Ashiintis. or Dahomis in the negro popu- 

 laiion of America, but well - marked character- 

 istics, lieith linguistic and anthropologii-, of the 

 inte-rior tribes, ejsiiecially of the exte-nsive- Mamie 

 or Mandingo stock. Such wends as ,1 uliti and I Hit 

 an- traced to this sten-k, and a mellioil eif connling 

 in use- among tin- negroes of Mary laud nbeiiit the 

 be-ginning of the ISMli century prove-el to be derived 

 fiom the Mandingo numerals. In liraxil and other 

 parts of South America the preponderance of im- 

 portations was from the- ne-gloid stock semtli of the 

 e<|iiaioi. whose elialects and physical traits are 

 allie-el lei thus.' of the Katlirs and Ztllni of the eeMt 

 oast ( I'.antiis). The slave-s in all parts, howi-vi-r, 

 being from mixed stocks, their de'sce-ndants elei not 

 present any well-marked anthropologic peculiaritie-s 

 inside- those of thei race. As a rule-, they are ill 

 strength i'i|iial to the white's, and in ciulurance of 

 exposure and labour under a tropie-al sun are 

 superior to all other immigrants. The experiment 

 was otlieially tried in British (iuiana to ascertain 



