456 



JJEWCASTLE-UPON-TY N K 



Dene, one of the loveliest ravine- in tin- country : 

 the clo-cly -packed hillsides and the rolling expanse 

 :if common called ihe Town Moor. 



The ]>rinci]ial remain- of antiquity in Newcastle 

 are the Norman keep; the Black Gate; the 

 cathedral of St Nicholas; tin 1 churches of St John 

 and St Aii'lrew; portions of the Edwardian walls, 

 with the Dm ham. Hi-lx-r. Miinlannt. and I'liiniiiier 

 towers, (ind tlie Sally |nt (Jute; part (f the Black 

 Friars Monastery : n*gnMBti of the houses uf the 

 Austin Friars and the Friars of the Sac; and 

 several man-inns of the Ititli and 17th centuries. 

 Tile church of St Nicholas, now the c:itliedral, is 

 -aid to have been founded by Osmund, Bishop of 

 SalUbury, in 1091. This early .-tincture was 

 dwtroyed by lire in 1216. The present building 

 Ix-longs to the Decorated and I'd -peniliciilar |>erit>ds; 

 the nave and tran-ept- dating from 1359, the 

 chancel from l.'UiS, and the tower with its beautiful 

 architectural crown from alioiit M.'!."i. All that 

 remains of the previous edilice is some masonry 

 above the arcade-, together with an Early English 

 pillar built up in the north-east pier. The reredos, 

 erected in IS.HS. i- of line iin|Hilisheil Uttoxeter ala- 

 baster with splayed screens of Caen stone. In cano- 

 pied niches around the central figure of Christ are 

 statues of Northumbrian saints and the four evan- 

 gelists. St John's Church, built in the latter part 

 nf Henry I.'s reign, contains much of the original 

 Norman work, with Early English, Decorated, and 

 Perpendicular addition-. Si Andrew's Church dates 

 from alxiut II7~> to lls."i, and retains some interest- 

 ing Transitional feature-. All Saint.-' Church was 

 rebuilt in 17H 90 on the site of the church of All- 

 Hallows, founded in the 12th century. There are 

 twenty one other places nf worship in the city con- 

 Meted with the Established Church; the Unman 

 Catholics have four churches, one lieing the cathe- 

 dral of St Mary, erected in 1844 from the designs of 

 I' : in: and the various other religious Unties are 

 represented by al>out sixty chapels and meeting- 

 houses. 



The central part of Newcastle with its stately and 

 ornate building- is a ni'inument to the genius of 

 Ulehard ' i rainier 1 1798-1861), a man of lowly origin, 

 who, by his vast building schemes, quite changed 

 tlie ap|>earance of his native town. (Jrev Street 

 and Grainger Sti-eet, built in 1834-38, are tlie linest 

 thorough fan's in the city. Monuments have been 

 erected to Karl Grey (1838) and George Stephen- 

 lsr,-_>). The town-ball, built in 1H03, stands 

 near the cathedral. Associated with it are the 

 corporation olliees and the corn-market. Other 

 public buildings are the guildhall and exchange 

 on the Sandhill, the former I which occupies the 

 site of the hospital of St Catharine) dating from 

 ]ii.".s. the Moot Hull (1810), the general po-t-ollice 

 ' ls;ii), tin- central police courts (1874), the gaol 

 i lvj: i>si, the Wood Memorial Hall (1870), the 

 Trinity Hou-e (elmpel. ,-. \K>] ; hall, 1721; alms 

 house, i\-c.. 17*2 '.l.'n, the Central Exchange New 

 riM.m and Art Gall.-ry I IH.'IS). the Assembly Kooms 



(1774 76), the (branch) Bank of England (1834), 

 the Rojal Arcade (183 1 32 I. the lint. -1, er.- 1 Market 

 I Is.'!.")), emeriti:; an area of 13.!KKi s<|. yd., and the 

 liarrackl ( IKOli). There are two theatres in New 



castle. The seiim of the Natural History 



ty was circled in 1883-84 at a cost of 42.00O. 



It contain- valuabl l|.-ctions of British birds, 



fossils from the coal measures, and a unique series 

 of Bewick's drawings. The Literary and I'liilo- 

 sophical Society ( 17113 I has a library of about 4<(,(KX) 

 volumes. The public, library (1881) contains over 

 lis.tMifi volumes. 



There are two n-eful oollegiate institutions in 

 t-tle affiliated to the uiiivci-ity nf Durham - 

 lie- ' 'olli-gc of Mi'dicine ( 1861 ) and the Collegi 

 Science (1871) : the College buildings were opened 



in 1S88 and 1889. The Hoynl Free Grammar- 

 school, founded in 152.1, ha- since 1S7H iK-ciipied 

 new premi-es oil' Westmoreland Itoad. Among the 

 vaiious benevolent institutions in Newcastle are 

 the Boyal Infirmary (17.">1|, the Jesus Hospital 

 ( Hksl ), the Keelmen's Hospital (1701), the Trinity 

 Almslmuses (inonrporated H'.CJ', the Northern 

 Counties Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 

 the Fleming Memorial Ho-pital ils-,7), and the 

 Northern Counties Orphan Institution (1876). 



The Central Railway Station in Neville Street 

 (lS."i()) is the terminus for all the tiains entering 

 Newcastle, with the exception of those on the 

 Blyth and Tyne section of the North-Eastern Hail- 

 way, which run to New Bridge Street Station. 

 Tramways have lieen laid from the centre of the 

 city to the chief suburbs.. The public pi- 

 grounds of Newcastle are the Town Moor (!'H7 

 acres), Castle Leazes, and Nuns Moor, the Lea/es, 

 KL-wick, Brandling, Heaton, and Armstrong 1'arUs, 

 the Crnddas recreat ion ground, and Jesmond Dene. 

 For the Armstrong 1'urk and Jesmond Dene. New- 

 castle is indebted to the munilicence of Lord 

 Armstrong. 



Newcastle is connected with Cateshead by three 

 bridges: (1) the High Level Bridge, erected in 

 1H46-49 from the plans of Hubert Stetihcnson and 

 T. E. Harrison, at a cost, with tlie site and 

 approaches, of 491,153. It is 1337 feet long, and 

 consists of six cast-iron arches, which, springing 

 from pit-is of soli.l ma-onry. support a railway at a 

 height of 112 feet and a roadway at a height of S3 

 feet above high-water (see Vol. II. p. 440). (2)The 



Swing Bridge, erected 1868-76, at a ocwt of 233,000, 



on the sit c of the Uoman, metlia-val.and 18th-century 

 bridges. The movable portion, which weighs 14.">0 

 ton- and is 281 feet long, is worked by hydraulic 

 machinery, and can \x- swung round in !H> seconds. 

 (3) The nedhengh Snspen-ioii Bridge, erected 

 1868-71, at a cost of 35,000, is 14."i3 bet in length, 

 its height from high water mark to the under 

 side of the arch being S7 feet. Newcastle i- well 

 suiiiilieil with water. Hay and cattle markets are 

 licit! on Tuesdays, corn markets on Tuesdays ami 

 Saturdays. The port of Newcastle is a very ancient 

 and important one. Since 1S40 U-t \\een 7(1 and SO 

 million tons of stnlV have been dredged from the 

 bed of the river, which is now navigable by large 

 vessels to Elswick. Since the river came under 

 the jurisdiction of the Tyne Commissioners im- 

 provements on a large scale ha\e been made. The 

 total number of \es-els using the port timing tin- 

 year 1889 was 14,7.i7, of a net register tonnage of 

 6.914, 392. The quay, the great terminus of the 

 river-traffic of the port, is aliout lf>40 yards in 

 length, and. a- the depth of the river there at low- 

 water is 20 to 22 feet, vessels of large si/e can be 

 moored in safety. Since the 13th century the chief 

 trade of Newcastle has been in coal. A charter 

 was granted by Edward III. to the burgesses to 

 dig for coal outside the walls in l.'i.">0. The out- 

 put of the northern coalfield, of which Newcastle 

 is the centre, in 188!) was 39,101,182 tons. During 

 this period the number of persons employed in the 

 collieries. \-c. was 115,440. In 1889 10,529,401 tons 

 of coal and coke wen- shipped from the port of 

 Newcastle. One of the principal industries of New- 

 ea-tle is shipbuilding, the river Tynel-ing second 

 in order of production to the Civile. In 1889 

 281,710 tons of shipping were launched on the river. 



Tin- principal manufactni t Newcastle are 



locomotive and marine engines, machinery, heavy 

 ordnance, carriages ami harness, white and red 

 lend, sheet and pipe lead, ghi of vaiious kind-, 

 earthenware, chemical manures, alkali, cement, 

 bricks, tile-, and lireclay goods, colours, shovels, 

 grindstones, win- rope, nails, sail-, ,\e. The most 

 impoitant works at Newcastle are those of Sir 



