NEW-CHWANC 



NEWFOUNDLAND 



457 



W. G. Armstrong, Mitchell & Co., Limited, 

 founded in 1847. They comprise blast-furnaces, 

 engine shops, foundries, and steel-works. Since 

 the amalgamation of the original linn with that of 

 C. Mitchell & Co., shipbuilders, at Walker, in 

 1882, several ships of war with their armaments 

 have been completed at Els wick, a notable one being 

 the ill-fated H.M.S. Victoria. From the engine- 

 works of R. Steplienson & Co. ( founded by George 

 Stephenson in 1824 1, and R. W. Hawthorn, Leslie 

 & Co., locomotive and marine engines have been 

 sent to all parts of the world. Newcastle is the 

 birthplace of Lords Eldon and Collingwood, Mark 

 Aken-ide, Charles Hutton the mathematician, and 

 Lord Armstrong. 



See Gray's Choro>traphia (1649); and the histories of 

 the town by Bourne (17361, Brand (1789), an anony- 

 iii'iui writer supposed to be the Rev. John Baillie 

 (1801), E. Mackenzie (1827). Welford (3 vols. 1884-S7), 

 K. J. Charleton (1885), and J. H. Boyle (1890). 



\ew-chwaiig. or NIU-CIIWANO, a city of 

 China, in the province of Manchuria, stands on the 

 river Liao, 20 miles from its month and 120 from 

 Mukden. By the treaty of Tientsin (1858) New- 

 chwang was opened to foreign trade. From the 

 accumulation of alluvial soil in the lower reaches 

 of the river, vessels are obliged to load and dis- 

 charge at Ying-tzii, at its mouth. It is there the 

 Europeans are settled, and they call Ying-tzu by 

 the name of the treaty-port New-chwaiig which 

 latter is now a greatly decayed place. Ying-tzu 

 imports cotton, woollen, and silk goods, sugar, 

 paiier, metals, opium, tobacco, &c. to the annual 

 value of 600,000, and exports beans, silk, ginseng, 

 skins, iind horns to the annual value of 1,500,000. 

 The import of Indian opium has fallen from 

 .->72,000 in 1866 to 8000. The port was captured 

 by the J.ipanc-e in March 1895; in 1896 provision 

 was made fin connecting it with the Siberian rail- 

 way ; and by 1898 it was, like the rest of Manchuria 

 (q.v. ), almost wholly under Russian control. The 

 ]x>rt is closed four or five months from November 

 with ice. Since 187:2 Scott Wi Presbyterian mission- 

 aries have been working here ; there is also a 

 Roman Catholic mission. Pop. 60,000. 



Newcoillb, SfMox, astronomer, was born .at 

 Wallace, Nova Scotia, 12th March 1835, graduated 

 in 1858 at the Lawrence Scientific School, at 

 Harvard, and in 1861 became a professor of Mathe- 

 matics in the United States navy. He was ap|>ointed 

 at once to the naval observatory at Washington, and 

 in 1*77 wits placed at the head" of the office of the 

 official -I iiirri.-nii E/themeris and \anticnl Almaiutc. 

 He organised the government expedition to observe 

 the transit of Venus in 1874, and in 1882 observed 

 the transit of the same planet at the Cape of Good 

 Hope; he had already been sent to Saskatchewan 

 (1X60) and to Gibraltar (1870-71) to observe 

 eclipses of the sun. In 1884 he undertook, iii 

 addition, the duties of the chair of Mathematics 

 and Astronomy in the Johns Hopkins University. 

 Hi-* writings embrace over a hundred papers and 

 memoirs, and include especially most exact tables 

 of the motions of the planets.' He has also pub- 

 li-hed M>veial volumes on political economy. Pro- 

 fessor Newcomb is a Fellow of the Royal Society of 

 London, and has received doctorates from Colum- 

 bian University (at Washington), Yale, Harvard, 

 ColnmUa. Leyden, and Heidelberg, and many oilier 

 honours, both in America and in Europe. 



Ncwcomen, THOMAS, the inventor of a Steam- 

 engine (i|.v. ). was born at Dartmouth sometime 

 in the month of February 1663, and died in London 

 in August 1729. In 1705, along with Cawley, a 

 Dartmouth glazier, and Savcry, the manager of 

 a Cornish mine, he obtained a patent for what , 

 U now known as the atmospheric steam-engine. I 



Some six years later his invention was brought 

 into use for pumping water out of mines. 



Ncwdigate, SIR ROGER (1719-1806), was born 

 and died at Arbury in Warwickshire, having eat 

 for many years in parliament as member for 

 Middlesex and the university of Oxford. He was 

 a great antiquary, but now is chiefly remembered 

 as the endower of the Newdigate prize poem at 

 Oxford, winners of which nave l>een Heber 

 ( 1803), John Wilson ( 1806), Milman ( 1812), Hawker 

 (1827), Lord Selborne ( 1832), Faber ( 1836), Stanley 

 (1837), Raskin (1839), Shairp (1842), M. Arnold 

 (1843), Sir E. Arnold (1852), J. A. Symonds (1860), 

 W. J. Courthope ( 1864 ), and W. H. Mallock ( 1871 ). 



New England, a collective name given to the 

 six Eastern States of the United States of America 

 Maine, New Hampshire. Vermont, Massachusetts, 

 Rhode Island, and Connecticut embracing an area 

 of 66,400 sq. m. The people, distinctively known 

 as Yankees, are celebrated for industry and enter- 

 prise. The joint ]<opulation in 1900 was 5,592,017 ; 

 this is more than one-fourteenth of the entire 

 population of the republic, while the area of New 

 England is less than oue-tiftieth of the total area 

 of the United State-. For the influence of the 

 Puritans who settled here, see Fiske, Tlie Begin- 

 nings of New England ( 1889). 



Newent, an old market-town 8 miles NW. of 

 Gloucester. Pop. of parish, 2889. 



New Forest, a triangular district of south- went 

 Hampshire, 9 miles S\V. of Southampton, bounded 

 W. by the river Avon, S. by the Solent and 

 English Channel, and NE. by Southampton Water. 

 It measures about 14 by 16 miles, and has an 

 extreme area of 144 sq. m., or 92,365 acres, of 

 which, however, only 64,232 belong to the crown 

 demesnes. The district seems to have been wooded 

 from the earliest times ; its present name dates 

 from 1079, when the Conqueror here made a 

 ' mickle deer-frith,' and cleared away several ham- 

 lets. This afforestation, enforced by the savage 

 ' Forest laws,' was regarded as an act of the 

 greatest cruelty ; and the violent deaths met by 

 two of his sons, Richard and William Kufiis, of 

 whom one was killed here by a stag, and the other 

 by an arrow, were looked on as special judgments. 

 The deer were removed under an act of parliament 

 ( 1851 ) ; and under another of 1877 the New Forest 

 now is managed by the court of Verderers as a 

 public pleasure-ground and cattle-farm. Enclosed 

 plantations occupy about one-fourth of the entire 

 area, the remainder lieing open woodland, bog, 

 and heath. The principal trees are oaks and 

 beech. The former were once much used as timber 

 for the navy ; the mast of the latter still feeds 

 large herds of swine. There is also a herd of small, 

 rough-coated ponies. The hollies, the rhododen- 

 drons, and therewith the general absence of under- 

 wood, give a beautiful park-like aspect to the 

 forest, points within which or on whose verge are 

 Lyndhurst, Beaulieu, and Lymington. 



See Gilpin's Forest Srcnery (ed. by F. G. Heath, 1870) ; 

 Blackmore's Cmdock Nowell (18(56); and Wise's The 

 New Foreit (1863; 4th or 'Artist's edition,' 1883, with 

 I.inton's engravings of views by Crane, and etchings by 

 Sumner) ; The Portfolio (1894) ; The Ntw Forett by De 

 Crespigny and Hutctiinsou (1895) ; also FOKEST LAWS. 



Newfoundland i \i-ir'f,<,,,/r,tntl'), an island 

 and British colony in North America, not vet incor- 

 porated with the Dominion of Canada, lies at the 

 mouth of the Gulf of St Lawrence, separated from 

 Labrador on the north by the strait of Belle Isle 

 (q.v., 11 miles broad), and extending in lat. from 

 46 38' to 51" 37' N., and in long, from 52 44' to 

 59 30' W. In shape it resembles an equilateral 

 triangle, of which Cape Bauld on the north, Cape 

 Race on the south-east, and Cape Ray on tlie 



