Ml 



NEW GUINEA 



NEW HAMPSHIRE 



Gcelvink Hay. The mingling of these elements 

 in different propitious has brought nlioiit much 

 diversity in IM physical appearance, speech, usages, 

 and general culture of the natives, who are c\erv- 

 where broken into small triluil groups speaking :i 

 surprising number of distinct languages, some of 

 which are members of the widespread' Malavo- 

 1'olvncsian family, while others, especially in the 

 interior, M-ciii to have no connection with that or 

 any other known forms of speech. The tribal 

 organisation is extremely louse, hereditary rulers 

 being nowhere recognised, ami the so-called chiefs 

 de|>ending for ln-ir prestige t-ither on personal, 

 social, or religious inllticnces (S. Forbes). Can- 

 nibalism is wry prevalent, though hy no means 

 universal ; anil some trilies, such as the Togaris of 

 the south coast, are predatory, living entirely by 

 plundering expeditions amongst the surrounding 

 populations. Hut many others are peaceful, indus- 

 trioitH, and keen trailers, displaying remarkahle 

 skill, especially in the arts of pottery, wood-carving, 

 and liusliandry. 



New liiiim-a appears to have been first sighted 

 by A. D'Alucu in 1.">11, ami lirst visited by De 

 M-'iiescs about 1.V20, ami Alvaro de Saaverda in 

 l.VJS. It received its present name in 1546 from 

 Ortiz de Ketez ( Roda I, who was struck by the 

 resemblance of its inhabitants to those of the 

 Guinea coast in West Africa. Daring the flourish- 

 ing period of the empire of Tidor, the Malay 

 sultans of that state extended their sway over the 

 so-called Jl'ijii .lin/irtt or ' Four Kingships' of 

 Waijiu, Salwatty, Mysol, and Waigamma, includ- 

 ing large traeis on the adjacent mainland. In 

 IT'.l't the F.ast India Company occupied the island 

 of Manassati in QedvioK Bay ; but the British 

 troops were soon withdrawn, and in 1814 the 

 English government admitted the claims of Holland 

 to the Haja Am pat as suzerain of the sultan of 

 Tidor. In 1848 the Dutch proclaimed their 

 sovereignty over the western half of the island as 

 far as 141" E. long., and this meridian was accord- 

 ingly taken as the western boundary of the 

 eastern half in 1884, when that section was 

 divided lietween Great Britain and Germany. The 

 boundary between the northern or German and the 

 southern or British division coincides with the crest 

 of the main watei --parting. Subjoined is a roughly 

 estimated table of the areas and populations of the 

 territories assigned to these three states : 



Are* In *i. mile*. Population. 



Dutch New Guinea ............ 158,000 200,000 



Britiuli .............. 110,000 136,000 



German ............ 70.000 100,000 



Total ........... 318,009 436,000 



In the Dutch section, whieli is attached to the 

 Residency of Termite, there are no towns or ad- 

 ministrative centres, Dorey, at the north-west side 

 of ( Icelvink Bay, lieing merely a missionary station 

 chielly noted as the starting-point of many ex- 

 peditions to the interior. No ell'ort has ever 'been 

 made by the Dutch government or by private 

 enterprise to d<-\elop the resources of the country. 

 German New Guinea, oMieially known us Kaiser 

 VVilhelm's Land, is a protectorate administered by 

 the German New Guinea Company, which has 

 'i'lili; 



lit Astrolabe Bay, r'insi'lili;ifen, Konstan- 

 tinliafeii. and llal/fcldhafcn. It yields for export 

 tobacco, areca, sago, bamboo, ebony, and other 

 woods. British New Guinea, which includes the 

 D'Kntrecasteaux and Ixmisiadc Archipelagoes, was 

 administered as a protectorate by a Coinmis- 

 i-ioner till 1888, when the soveri-ignty of the 

 (jut-en was proclaimed, the government Ix-itig 

 placed under Sir William Maegn-gor as adminis- 

 trator. New South Wales. Victoria, and (Ji ..... us 

 land each contribute 5000 towards the expenses 



of administration. The territory is divided into 

 a western, mitral, and eastern division, under 

 depun commissioners, the chief station lieing 

 I'ort Moresby. The revenue nlreadv exceeds the 

 c'Xpendituie. and the ex|M>rls, eliiellV gold, pearl- 

 shells, bechc-de-mer, and copra, exceeded I'iM.tMK) 

 in 1889. 



See works on New Guinea and accounts of voyages 

 thither hy Th. Forrest ( 1774-76 ), Modt-ra (Dutch, 1 

 in the Journ. Say. Oeoy. Sot. xxviii., Dumont d'Urville 

 (18:19), Harsden in Trant. KOII. Aiint. *,<: IXtl, 

 (;. W. Earl (1W) in Lann't Journal, vi. (1K:V_>), J. 

 MacGillivray (1860), O. Fmsch ( Gcnnan, ]M,:, i, .M,k. 

 hikho Maclay (in 1'rtrrmnnn, ]":!), Kev. Wyatt (Jill 

 (1874), Moresby (1876 and 1S77K Octavus Stone ( 1880 ), 

 Lawer (1K80 and 18K:( i, l) - AII,-rti (1880), Powell in 

 W.w. /..,//. I,',,, i. Soc. 18(C<, Coutts Tretti-r in the same, 

 1883, J8X4, and IS-HI, jvinoc Koland Bona|.an 

 the Bulletin of tlie French Geog. Soc, 18H4, Rye 

 (bibliography of over 1000 entries) in suppluinvntary 

 papers of the Roy. Geog. Soc. 1H84, Rev, J. Chalmers 

 (1885 and 1887). Ch. Lyne (1880), Romilly (188G and 

 188'J), Forbes in Scot. Heart. May. 1888, Macgregor in 

 Pmt. R,y. (imj. Soc. 1K90, Itevan (1800); besides 

 Wallace's Mnlnii ArchipchiH" ilN,:ii, K.-.-UH-'S AV>.-frr 

 Oeajraphy ( 1887 ), Thomson's Britiih Jfcvi liuinea ( 1WJ ), 

 and Guillemard's Malaysia uiul Polynesia ( 



Hampshire, the 'Granite State,' one of 

 the thirteen original states of the Ami-rican I'nion, 

 lying between 4-' 40* and 45" 18' co^rim" len ion. 

 N. hit., and bounded on the N. io in 

 by the Canadian province of '"""'"> 

 (Quebec, K. by the stale of Maine and (for IS miles) 

 the Atlantic* I -can, S. by (beslateol Massachusetts, 

 and W. by the riijlit bank of the Connecticut Hiver. 

 Area, 9305 m\. m. a fourth larger than Wales. 

 The average elevation of the state is about l-JiM) 

 feet, the general slope lieing towards the south. 

 The highest | M iint is Mount Washington (6293 feet), 

 ill the White Mountains, which include more than 

 a hundred peaks of note, mainly in the northern- 

 most county ; among the peaks over f.(KK) feet high 

 are those hearing the names of the sin-cessi\c presi- 

 dents. Adams, .lefl'erson, Madison, and Monroe. 

 Geologically they consist of early metamorphic 

 rocks ; immense masses of granite and gneiss con- 

 stitute, the bale peaks that miike the name of the 

 range as appropriate in sunimei as in winter. The 

 largest lake is Winnipiseogee ('> s.|. m.); the prin- 

 cipal rivers are the Connecticut. Mcrrimac, and 

 Piscataqua. From Dover Point to its mouth the 

 l'iseaiai|iia is about half a mile wide; and the 

 volume and swiftness of its current at cbh-tide 

 prevent the free/ing of the water in Portsmouth 

 harbour during the coldest winters. The Mcriimac 

 is said to turn more spindles and propel more 

 shuttles than any other river in the world. The 

 state is noted for its salubrious climate and grandly 

 picturesque natural scenery. The mean annual 

 temperature at Concord is 4G F. 



The principal agiicultnral products are hay, 

 potatoes, maize, and oats ; the recent jiopularity of 

 New Hampshire as a summer-resort has brought a 

 new and ini]>orlaiit home market to the fanners, 

 who, owing to the rough and sterile soil, could not 

 compete in the great markets with those <>f (lie 

 West, and has revived the declining agricultural 

 industries. The state still has over a million m 

 of forest, which averages in value alxnit double 

 that of the cleared land. But manufacturing 

 is the leading industry, cotton and woollen goods 

 being the chief product : boots and shoes, um! 

 saw-mill products, are ini|iortant. Manchester 

 ( the largest city ), Nashua, and Dover arc the chief 



MQtTM, 



New Hampshire embraces ten counties, and 

 returns two menibeis to eongiess. The governor 

 is elected biennially, and by him the judiciary are 

 appointed until seventy years of age. The public 



