NEW HANOVER 



NEW JERSEY 



463 



schools are efficient, and the state possesses one 

 college Dartmouth, founded at Hanover in 1769 

 as a school for the instruction of Indians ; it has 

 well-appointed aciuleniic, scientific, medical, and 

 agricultural departments, with libraries aggregat- 

 ing 87,000 volumes. There is also a state normal 

 school at Plymouth. 



History. The earliest settlements were made in 

 1623 near Dover and Portsmouth. In 1641-79, 

 1689 92, and 1699-1741 New Hampshire was joined 

 to the Massachusetts colony, but during the inter- 

 vening dates and until 1775 it was under royal 

 governors of its own. The people took an active 

 part in the revolution. A provisional government 

 was formed in 1776, a state constitution adopted in 

 1784 ; and New Hampshire was the ninth state 

 (June 21, 1788) to ratify the national constitution. 

 Among the eminent men born here have l>een 

 be>ides one president, Franklin Pierce Daniel 

 Webster, Lewis Cass, Salmon P. Chase, and 

 Horace Greeley. Pop. (1790) 141,899; (1840) 

 284,574 ; ( 1890) 376.53O ; ( 19UO) 411,588. 



New Hanover, one of the Bismarck Archi- 

 pelago, lying olf the north-east coast of New 

 Guinea, with an area of 570 sq. m. Its physical 

 characteristics resemble those of New Britain 

 (q.v.). 



New Harmony, a town (pop. 1341) of In- 

 diana, 30 miles by rail WNW. of Evansville, was 

 first settled in 1815 by a German community of 

 religious socialists, called Harmonists, under the 

 leadership of George Happ (q.v.). In 1824 the 

 village and domain was purchased by Robert Owen, 

 for an experimental community on his system ; but 

 this failed after a test of nearly three years. 



wliaven, a seaport of Sussex, at the month 

 of the Ouse, 8J miles E. of Brighton and 56 S. of 

 London. It has risen into importance through its 

 steamboat traffic, particularly to Dieppe (5^ hours), 

 and has a large fort ( 1864-69) and a little Norman 

 12th-century church, with an east tower and small 

 semicircular apse, curiously like that of Yainville- 

 sur Seine. Pop. (1881)4421; (1891)4955. 



Newhaven. a fishing village of Midlothian, on 

 the south shore of the Firth of Forth, 1 mile 

 WNW. of Leith, and 2 miles N. of Edinburgh. 

 Dating from about 1490, it has a tidal harlx>ur, 

 reconstructed in 1876-77 at a cost of 10,000, anil 

 is famous for its fish dinners and fishwives. Pop. 

 of parish (1891 ) 6085 ; of village 2108. See Charles 

 Reade's Ckri&itJoluutom i !sr>:i), and Mrs Clippies' 

 Kewhaven, its Oriyin anil History ( 1888). 



New Haven, the chief city and seaport of 

 Connecticut, and capital of New Haven county, 

 at the head of New Haven Bay, 4 miles from Long 

 Island Sound, and 73 miles by rail KNE. of New 

 York. Its broad streets are shaded with elms, and 

 the public squares, parks, and gardens, with its 

 hand-orne public and private edifices, make it one 

 of the most beautiful of American cities. It is the 

 seat of Yale College (q.v.), and contains also the 

 Sheffield scientific school, the Hopkins grammar- 

 school (]6I>0), and thirty-four public schools. Its 

 other public buildings include the former state- 

 house, the city hall, I'nited States government 

 building, and aliout sixty churches. The harbour 

 has a jetty and a breakwater surmounted by a 

 lighthouse, and the port 1ms a large coasting 

 trade. But New Haven is of more consequence as 

 a manufacturing town, employing many thousands 

 of hands in it large works, and producing hard- 

 ware, wire, locks, clocks, cutlery, firearms, corsets, 

 india-rubber goods, carriages, furniture, paper, 

 matches, musical instruments, &c. New Haven 

 was settled in 1638 by a company from London, 

 and the colony WHS not united to that of Con- 

 necticut until 1662 ; and till 1873 it was recognised 



as, jointly with Hartford, the capital of the state. 

 It was incorporated as a town about 1665, and 

 chartered as a city in 1784 ; and it retains a town 

 as well as a city administration, choosing select- 

 men, &c., besides a mayor, aldermen, and council. 

 Pop. (1880) 62,882; (1890) 85,981 ; (1900) 108,027. 



New Hebrides, a chain of islands in the 

 Western Pacific, extending NNW. to SSE., and 

 Iving W. of Fiji and NE. of New Caledonia. 

 There are in all some thirty islands (area, 5110 

 sq. m.), of which twenty are inhabited, the people, 

 mostly of the Melanesia!! race, numbering about 

 70,000. They are of volcanic origin, some e.g. 

 Ambrym, Tanna, and Polevi bavin'' active vm- 

 canoes, but rest upon a coral foundation. The 

 larger islands are Espiritu Santo ( 70 miles long by 

 40 wide), Mallicolo (56 miles by 20), Ambrym (22 

 miles by 17), Vate or Sandwich (30 miles by 15), 

 Erromango (30 miles by 22), Tanna (18 miles by 

 10), and Aneityum (35 miles in circumference). 

 All are WOodfla, and some lofty, reaching 3000 

 feet. The climate is moist, but clear and healthy, 

 the thermometer ranging from 60 to 90 F. The 

 usual tropical plants and products are grown yam, 

 taro, banana, bread-fruit, sugar-cane, arrowroot, 

 and cocoa-nut. Sandalwood, at one time common, 

 is now almost extinct. The seas swarm with fish, 

 some of them poisonous, and whales are taken near 

 by. The people are savage cannibals of a low 

 type, and are decreasing in number. They sneak a 

 great number of dialects, many being unintelligible 

 to the others. The southern islanders ( Erromango 

 to Aneityum ) have been civilised by English and 

 Scottish missionaries. This chain was discovered 

 by the Portuguese navigator Quiros in 16(16, and 

 was thoroughly explored by Captain Cook in 177.'!. 

 They are claimed by the British, though nothing 

 is done to occupy them. The French have more 

 than once cast covetous eyes upon the group, but 

 their attempts to annex it have encountered the 

 strenuous opposition of the Australian colonists. 

 Since 1863 the natives of these islands have been 

 every year carried away to serve as labourers on 

 the plantations in Queensland, Fiji, and New Cale- 

 donia, ami many barbarities have been perpetrated 

 in connection with the traffic. See Dr J. Inglis, 

 In the New Hebrides (1887) and the Memoir of 

 J. G. Paton (1889). 



New Holland. See AUSTRALIA. 



New Ireland, now called NEU-MECKLEN- 

 BURG, a long narrow island in the Pacific Ocean, 

 lying to the north-east of New Guinea. Area, 4900 

 sq. in. ; length, 300 miles ; width, 15 miles. The 

 hills rise to 6500 feet, and they and the whole of 

 the interior are richly wooded. The climate, pro- 

 ducts, and inhabitants resemble those of New 

 Britain (q.v.). 



New Jersey, the name of one of the original 

 states of the American Union, bounded on the N. 

 by New York ; E. by the Hud- 

 son River, Staten Island Sound, 

 Raritan Bay, and the Atlantic; 

 SVV. by Delaware Bay ; and W. by the Delaware 

 River, which separates it from Pennsylvania. Its 

 greatest length is 167 miles ; its width varies from 

 32 to 59 miles. It has an area of 7815 sq. m. ; it is 

 the .smallest of all the states save three, but it ranks 

 sixteenth in population, and the third in population 

 ].er square mile. 



In the north-west part of the state there are two 

 portions of the Appalachian system. The Blue or 

 Kittatinnv Mountains extend along the Delaware 

 from the Water Gap up, attaining a height of 1400 

 to 1800 feet. The highlands south and east of 

 these consist of many ridges, their greatest height 

 1488 feet. In this part of the state are many 

 small lakes. The Palisades, the Orange Mountains, 



CoinriKht 1891, 1H97. ancl 

 1900 in Ihe U.S. 1.1 J.I:. 

 Lijipiucuit Company. 



