166 



NKWMAN 



New man frankly admitted that it had never lieen 

 practically enforced, ami that it was it tln-orelic 

 UIM "II w'liich no actual ecclesiastical Jiolicy had 

 U-.-H founded. This it wa> which it icmained for 

 tin- Tractarian* to do. 



In ivls Newman followed up liit discussion <if 

 tin- fin nisi/in no far an it affect.-* authority with a 

 v.iliiini- on tin- ri'i innliii in it relation to the 

 d.H-trine of justification by faith. Again lie taught 

 that tin- Anglican Church takes a middle course 

 U-tween tin- Koninn Catholic Church ami |mpular 



Protestantism ii lintaiuing llial justification by 



faith or tin- ti>i/iltitin wiilumt tin reality of 



righteousness must precede HtaetiBcMhm, which 



- tin? reality, though sanciilicatioii must 



arily follow : while the Koiiiau Catholic 



theology regarded -anctilieation as the whole sub- 



Htance of justification. 



In Tract S5, which was also published in 1838, 

 NVwman made an effort to apply the theology 

 of the rut mfilia to the interpretation of Scripture. 

 !! held that the Unman Catholic Church takes 

 a view too indejieiident of Scripture, while the 

 Anglican Church is right in asserting that all 

 revealed doctrine is to he found in Scripture, 

 though it could not lie found on the mere airfare 

 in Nciiptnre, since it needs the guidance of the 

 church's tradition- to help us to find it there. He 

 admitted most fully that the sin-- which one 

 might expect to \>c laid is not laid in Scripture on 

 liuptism, on confession, on absolution, nor even 

 on |mblic worship itself, and that, we can only lind 

 these doctrines in Scripture by attaching the 

 importance which tradition teaches us to attach 

 to the hints and obiter tlirtn of Scripture. Scrip- 

 ture, he held, verifies the teaching of the church 

 rather than systematically inculcates it. Tract 83 

 was one of the most careful and characteristic of all 

 Newman's essays as a Tractarian. 



Tract 90, which appeared early in 1841, ami which 

 gave rise to so much agitation in Oxford, was the 

 moat famous, but certainly one of the least in- 

 tt-rc-ting of the tracts. The rig,:' "ing of the 

 Tractarian party, headed by William George Ward, 

 was at this time urging Dr Newman to reconcile 

 his High Church doctrines with the Thirty-nine 

 Articles. This Newman thought a comparatively 

 easy matter. The Articles recognise the teaching 

 of the Ilooks of Homilies as 'godly and whole 

 sume;' and Newman contended that there was 

 therefore ample evidence that the intention of the 

 Articles was Catholic in spirit, and that they were 

 aimed at the supremacv of the pope and the 

 |Mipulnr abuses of the Catliolic Church in practice, 

 and not at' Catholic doctrine. The Homilies regard 

 the first seven hundred years of the Catholic 

 Church as quite pure, recognise six councils as 

 received by all Christian-, and speak of many of 

 the Fathers as inspired by the Holy Ghost. 

 Clearly therefore, in Newman's opinion, they 

 were meant to gain over the moderate Homanista ; 

 nd clearly they were not di reeled against the 

 Council of Trent, for when the Article-, were pro- 

 mulgated the council was not over. Itut in spite of 

 thi really nbrtaatial defence for the Anglican view 

 of the Article-, Tiact !M) provoked an explosion 

 which wan the end of the Tractarian movement, 



and brought on tin n\ei-ion to Koine of those of 



the Tractnrians who were most logical as well as 

 most in earnest. The tract was repudiate! by those 

 in authority; thehishop* alinoxt all declared against 

 the movement : Newman struggled for two veins 

 longer to think his position tenable, but In 1841 

 rc-iirned the ticftiage of St Mary'-, which he had 

 In-Ill since 182S. and retired to Link-more (q.v.). 

 Tin 1 magnificent university sermon on 'Develop- 

 ment in Christian Doctrine,' which was the pre- 

 liminary Htage of his Emmy on Development, was 



the last which he preached in the university pulpit 

 viz. on the -Jd l-'ehriiary ISO. During his life at 

 l.ittlcmorc lie "a- a man suspected of all sorts of 

 disloyalty to his church for example, of l>ciiig a 



I! an Catholic already, who only concealed his 



change of faith in order to exert nora iiillui-in e 

 mei other Anglicans a couise of which he was 

 quit* inca|iable. (In the Nth October 1M.. lie 

 invited the I'lL-Monist I'alhcr Dominic to his lnui.-e 

 at Lit t lemon- in order that he might lie received 

 into the Unman Catholic Church, and on the 

 following day he was received ; and within a few 

 months he had left Oxford, which he IICM-I saw- 

 again for thirty years. 



Of Newman's life as a Homan Catholic it is 

 necessary 1 to 8|>eak only briefly. It was, how. 

 in a literaiy uoint of view much more free ami 

 natural than his somewhat repressed and severely 

 reined-in life as an Anglican. He first went to 

 Oscott to l>e conli lined ; then he went to Home for 

 a year and a half; and on his return in IMS he 

 published Loss mill (,'nin, the story of an Oxford 

 conversion verv different from his own. but full 

 of happy and delicate sketches of Oxford life and 

 manners. Shortly afterwards he U-gaii, but did 

 not at that time conclude, Ciil/ixtn. the story of 

 a martyr in Africa of the 3d century. The little 

 book is full of literary genius as well its of reli. 

 gious devotion, and it contains a most vivid picture 

 of the devastation worked by the locusts in that 

 country, as well as a still more impressive picture 

 of Newman'- conception of the phenomenon of 

 demoniacal possession. In 184!) Newman estab- 

 lished a branch of the brotherhood of St. I'hilip 

 Neri (q.v.) in England (see ORATORY). New- 

 man established himself at Kilghaslon, a suburb 

 of Birmingham : and here he did a great deal of 

 hard work, devoting himself to the sufferers from 

 cholera in 1849 with the utmost xeal. The lectures 

 on AH'jlii'tin DMeuitiet, intended to show that 

 Tractarian principles could only issue in submis- 

 sion to Home on the part of any Tractarian who 

 had a logical perception of what the movement 

 meant, was the first book which drew public 

 attention to Newman's great power of iron\ and 

 the singular delicacy ot his literary style. These 

 lectures were delivered and published in ISiiO. and 

 were followed in \X5\ by the Lectures on 'Cathol- 

 icism in Kngland.' ill which the Protestant pre- 

 jndic.es and prepossessions alioiit Homan Catholics 

 were painted with a great power of ridicule and 

 even caricature. This was the book which : 

 occasion to Dr Achilli's action for liln-1 against 

 Newman, tried by Lord Campliell, in which the 

 verdict went against Dr Newman so far as this, 

 that the j ur V thought that he had not .succeeded in 

 justifying tin- libel, and awarded damages of i!l(K) 

 against him, while the costs of i he c.-ise are said to 

 have amounted to i. 10,000. I.onl Cam pi M-ll's charge 

 was deemed ver\ one sided even by Protestants. 



Newman will probably lie longer remembered as a 

 great preacher than in any other capacity. His long 

 series of Oxford sermons contain some of the linc-t 

 ever preached from an Anglican pulpit, and his 

 Homan Catholic volumes Srntmnx inlarfsse.il In 

 Miretl Cowyv 1 '/"''""*' ( ' S 4!l ) and Sermons on Various 

 :. , i |s.".7.i though led icniarkable for their 

 pathos, are even fuller of line rhetoric, and show the 

 rare-t lini-h. In IM'.I a casual remark by Canon 

 Kingslev in Miiriiiillnii'x Mn</nzine on the indiffer- 

 ence of the Homan Church to the virtue of truth- 

 fulness, an indifferei which he asserted that Dr 



Newman api>ro\ed. led to a correspondence which 

 i. --lilted in tin- publication of the remarkable A/'u- 

 /,,! /;, \'itii tiiiA, afterwards slightly recast as A 

 ////<.;(/ nf Mil lieligious Opinions. In this Unik 

 Dr Newman gave us much the most fresh and effec- 

 tive religious autobiography of the 19th century, 



