NEWMAN 



NEW MEXICO 



467 



and completely vindicated the simplicity and 

 candour of his own theological career. It is 

 perhaps the most fascinating of his many works, 

 as it is of course the most personal. In 1865 

 Newman wrote a poem of singular beauty, giving 

 his view of a good Koman Catholic's experience in 

 death, called The Dream of Gerontins. It is a 

 poem of marvellous subtlety and pathos, as unique 

 in treatment as it is in subject, anil is now repub- 

 lished in the volume of Verses on Various Occasions 

 ( 1874), which contains also all the pieces originally 

 published in the Lyra Anostolica. In 1870 he pub- 

 lished his Grammar of Assent, a book on the philo- 

 sophy of faith, based on the view that a believing 

 and even credulous attitude of mind clears itself 

 much more easily of false beliefs than a sceptical 

 attitude of mind clears itself of false denials. In 

 the controversies which led to the Vatican 

 Council Newman sided with the Inopportunists. 

 He believed that the decree of the pope s personal 

 infallibility in putting forth ex cathedra defini- 

 tions on theology or morals intended to teach the 

 church would alienate many Anglicans from the 

 Roman Church, and he thought the doctrine, though 

 true, not ripe for definition, nor pressed upon the 

 attention of the church by any heresy. He was at 

 tliU time in vehement opposition to the Ultra- 

 montanes under Archbishop Manning and William 

 George Ward, and the bitterness between the two 

 parties ran very high. Nothing seemed less likely 

 at that time than that Newman should ever In- 

 come a Cardinal ; but after the death of Pio Nono 

 ami the election of Leo XIII. the policy of the 

 church altered, and the new pope was very anxious 

 to show his sympathy with the moderates in various 

 countries, and especially with the English Catholic 

 moderates, of whom I)r Newman was much the most 

 distinguished. Accordingly in 1879 Newman was 

 summoned to Koine to receive the Cardinal's hat, 

 which was conferred on him in a secret consistory 

 on the 12th May in that year. In acknowledging 

 the congratulations which flowed in upon him on 

 that event he renewed his protest against liberalism 

 in religion, by which he meant the depreciation of 

 revealed dogma, and the popular view that one 

 creed, honestly held and practised, is as good as 

 another. For the last eleven years of Tiis life 

 Cardinal Newman seldom broke silence, anil his 

 chief contribution to the religious controversy of 

 the day was an essay in attenuation of the 

 difficulty of treating Scripture as plenarily inspired, 

 its tendency being to suggest that inspiration does 

 not necessarily include mere matters of detail in 

 history, unless these are of the nature of what are 

 called 'dogmatic facts' i.e. facts which lie at the 

 basis of revealed truths, such as the supernatural 

 birth of Christ. Cardinal Newman died on the 

 llth August 1890, after a very short ittness, of 

 pneumonia. 



See a work on Newman by the author of this article 

 ( 1890) ; and Cardinal Newman's Lettert and Corrupond- 

 ence, edited by Miss Mozler ( 1891 ). 



Newman, FRANCIS WILLIAM, brother of the 

 preceding, was ln>rn in London in 180.">, and educated 

 at a private school at Baling. Thence he passed 

 to Worcester College, Oxford, where he obtained 

 first-class honours in classics and mathematics in 

 1826, and, in the same year, a fellowship in Balliol 

 College. This fellowship, however, he resigned ; 

 and he withdrew from the university in 1830, at 

 the approach of the time for taking the degree of 

 M.A., declining the subscription to the Thirty- 

 nine Article*, which was required from candidates 

 for the degree. After a three years' stay in the 

 East, he was appointed classical tutor in Bristol 

 College, 1834. In 1840 he accepted a similar pro- 

 fessorship in Manchester New College, and in 1846 

 his reputation led to his being appointed to the 



chair of Latin in University College, London, 

 which he held till 1863 ; meanwhile be was an 

 active contributor to numerous literary and scien- 

 tific periodicals, and to various branches of ancient 

 and modern literature. In controversies on religion 

 he took a part directly opposite to that chosen by 

 his elder brother, being no less eager for a religion 

 in his view more world-wide, and including what- 

 ever is best in the historical religions. Phases of 

 Faith is by far the most widely diffused of his works, 

 simply because it was mainly negative ; but it was 

 preceded by a book called 'The Soul (1849), which 

 aimed to show a solid ground for divine aspirations 

 in the human heart. His smaller moral and reli- 

 gious essays are now collected in a single volume 

 (ii. ) of Miscellanies. Vol. i. of Miscellanies ( 1869) 

 was followed by the above vol. ii. (1887), vol. iii., 

 Politica (1889), and vol. iv., Economica (1890). 

 Other works were a History of the Hebrew Mon- 

 archy (1847); a Dictionary of Modern Arabic, in 

 Komanised type (2 vols. 1871); a Handbook of 

 Modern Arabic ( 1866), giving the dialect now used 

 by literary men in all Arab-speaking regions ; and 

 a Libyan Vocabulary (1882), in which, cutting out 

 the Arabic, he tried to reproduce the old Numidian, 

 Mauretanian, and Ga>tulian. He also published 

 two mathematical volumes, one on Elliptic Integrals 

 ( 1888-89) ; and a small !>ook on the earlier life of his 

 brother, Cardinal Newman (1891 ). Died in 1897. 



Xewmarket, the 'racing capital of England,' 

 lies on the liorder of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire, 

 14 miles ENE. of Cambridge and 69 NNE. of Lon- 

 don. Twice almost destroyed by fire, in 1683 and 

 1700, it chiefly consists of one long street, and con- 

 tains an unusual number of hotels and fine private 

 nouses, belonging to the great patrons of the turf. 

 Principal edifices are the Jockey. Club ( 1773) ; the 

 adjoining Subscription Kooms (1844); the Pro- 

 prietary Club ( 1882) ; the Rons Memorial Hospital 

 (1883), with almshouses for eight jockeys and 

 trainers or their widows ; St Mary's Church, Per- 

 pendicular in style; and All Saints (1877). The 

 town owes its prosperity to its horseraces, as old 

 at least as 1605 ; and nearly half the male population 

 are jockeys, trainers, or stablemen (Holcroft the 

 dramatist was once one of their number). The 

 race-ground, on Newmarket Heath, to the west, 

 which is traversed by the Devil's Dyke (see CAM- 

 BRIDGESHIRE), is owned partly by the Jockey 

 Club, partly by the Duke of Rutland, and, with 

 its soft elastic turf, is one of the very finest in the 

 world. Of its ten courses, the longest is 4J miles 

 in circuit. The training-ground bears a like char- 

 acter for excellence ; and 400 horses are constantly 

 in* training. There are seven annual meetings, the 

 principal events being the Two Thousand at Easter 

 and the Cesarewitch in October. Pop. ( 1851 ) 3356 ; 

 (1881)5093; (1891)6213. See HORSERACING ; and 

 J. P. Here's History of Newmarket and Annals of 

 the Turf (3 vols. 1886). 



New Mexico, a thinly-peopled territory in the 

 SW. part of the United States, is bounded N. by 

 Colorado, E. by Oklahoma and | copyright ugi, i8i, id 

 Texas, S. by Texas and Mexico, 190 ' "" u. s - >/ J - 



* , . . LliMiiDcoit Company. 



and W. by Arizona. Area I 

 122,580 sq. in. larger than that of Great Britain 

 and Ireland. Pop. ( 1880) 119,565 ; ( 1890) 153,593 ; 

 (190(1) 195,310. New Mexico is thus the fifth in 

 area and the forty-fifth in population of the states 

 and territories of the continental United States. 



The surface of New Mexico l)elongs to the great 

 plateau upon which rests the Rocky Mountain 

 system. From an altitude of 6000 to 6500 feet in 

 tne north it descends gradually to about 4000 feet 

 along the Mexican border, and sinks to 3000 or 

 3500 in the Llano Estacado of the south-east. 

 Except in the east the whole region is traversed 



