47.' 



A sofTH WALES 



NKWSI'APKR 



lint all t ! fruit* that tlirive in Eng- 

 land aad Italy grow here. 



Climate influence* vegetation in the colony. 

 Farming facilities exist in tin- l>ivi.iing llangc, 



highlands of New Knglaud in tin- north 

 ami the alpine slopes t> the -..mli. Wuse of fair 

 nioixture. The Macowt, iili from 40 to 70 inches 

 lain a year, differ* much from the western 

 interior, VMM in some yearn as little ax > inches 

 may full. Itut tlif climate in no unri'ruin tlint a 



Hi mav suffer from fearful drought in one 

 se**on ami Hoods in another. Cold ami ice with 

 heavy snows may I* experienci-.' on tlie lofty 

 plain* : but Sydney, 33 ."iO Int.. li. .1 no snow in 



thirty yearn. Tboofh in sii ier tin- thermometer 



might rise to 100 ami beyond it during the day, the 

 night* are generally cool and recujierative after 

 tii.- heat. 



The trade exceeds that of any of the neighbour- 



. olonies. It was worth 40,167,90) in 1889 



sta.n.17 ill import*. 23,294.934 exerts. Kach 



averaged over 20 n head, oraUmt li> in produce 



.my. The re-export* amounted to5.871,823. 



While the" fnitetl Kingdom -mi i>.:::o.478 of 



good*, receiving from the colony 8,964,625, the 



tjiieenshtnd trade was 6,4I5,.V>3 ; tin- Victorian, 



7.*o4.33S; the Am.'rienn, 2,235,286 ; the tier- 



man. 1,052,517 ; the Frem-h. 284,004 ; the Indian, 



2ii2,3."i9. The colonial overland tiade was 



f lti.070, ISO. New South Wale.- imported 2,164,2Oti 



of dra[erv ; 1, "(>. 1411, apparel; 852,304, iron 



and machinery: I'TII.IMI. ll.mr : 466.390, spirits ; 



.363. teas ; 438,004, lieer ; 220,703, tobacco. 

 \|M,I|S, i hi- home |iriMlnce WM 17,488,811 1 



the foreign. t'.V^Ui'J.'l. The animal anil vegetable 



product* ii-.ili-i-d 7,.'iOO,,VJii ; minerals and metals, 



l.6.Vi,776; livestock, 1,175,979; and coal, 



1.319,271. The colony's wool of 1889 brought 



ilo,82(),636. Duties are only levied on forty-seven 



article* ; there are none ml r.</<./v/n, what is prac- 



llv free trade having lieen established in 1872- 



The customs realised 1,003,8(13 and excise 



1.371. There cut 1. in Iss'l, 3254 ships of 



,_'.OSI tons; departed, 3229 of 2,689,098. Of 

 4,i^!.7'.is wen- Kritish; 661,381, 

 gn. Of the foriinT, 2.M7.O71 were colonial; 

 of the latter, 210,164 were American. While 

 London cleared 5,284,149 tons, and I.ivcriiool 

 4,758,625, Sydney cleared 1,432.310, and the New- 

 castle coal-jHirt, 1,126,892. The milimys connect 

 South Wales uiih South Australia', Victoria, 

 and Queensland. The 2530 miles belonging topiv- 

 ernnient ha., to IN'.CI, c..-t i"<0,011,3.)0. The toial 

 importM in 1894 were worth 10,801,941 ; the total 

 e\|-.rt, 20,S"7,673. 



Government. The governor i appointed by the 



Oneen. The e\eruti\e i- of 10 ministers ; the UMNC 



.|nti\e Council hinl, in 181(2, 75 life- 



; the bivvei, or l..-^i>].n i\ e Assembly, 141 



. in 74 electoiati-, n>ceivinx 3(K) a'ye;ir. 



^The pRiliami-iit is ttii-nni.-il. The revenue in 1825 



wa 7 1. US'.'; in IS'.KI. !i.:,i7,]-j|. Ki,,m taxation 



was raised fJ.T.'.S.T.'iO; from land. 2,'J08,raO ; from 



t'-tal. railwnv, and oilier MTrieM, L I _' i:t,H30. 



The piiblie debt, contracted for useful works, was 



48,078,K37 in <lc-tol>cr IVo. An excellent volun- 



teei Mipiiscs some .'Cioo men. In Iss.'i 



a New South Wale i-ontinyent wiw sent to 



i^t hen the lliitish f - in I lie Soudanese war. 



There in nlo a naval brigade. The wealth of 

 y is utated at ,'(14 |MT hen.l, that of the 



I Ililed Klngltom lieint; I 



Thcpopu!,,!,,,,, llw\ I, I. I3j.-.li7.tif wlioiii.Ms.l'i't 

 were female, Included ll.l.'^i chinesi; and I'.f.i; 

 nlH.iix'iii'-. Tin- |"iit-, i:iiminx loculilies, ami 



- return M-\en eighths of the pMnp),.. Aliout 

 :" mannfactoii.-s employ 4;i.'.':ts. \v 'agi-s for right 

 hours a day being from 8s. to l-Jt. The biith- 



iate i> .'{,TJ per thousand ; marriage-rate, 6} ; death- 

 rate, only I.'H. In religion, the Church of Knglaml 

 i l.nni- one half the population, tin- Knm:tii I ';ii Imlic 

 nearly one-third ; but returns for ISNOgave Sunday 

 iitlendai ..... at worship a follows : Koman Catholic. 

 :t.42; Church of England, 8:<,819; Metli.Hli-.ts 

 ( various ), 64,!KKI ; I'resbx terian, . ! vat ion 



Aimy, 14,423; Congregational, 13,60!* ; l^iptist, 



Public schools are now unconnected with 

 churches, and no state aid is ^ranted to a 

 denominational school ; but one hour a .lay 

 may be devoted to religious instruction i 

 schools, where parents present no objection. On 

 the roll ill 2964 schools are 229,043 pupils. 

 The annual cost to the government of each child 

 is 4, 14-. ; the fees hringing in 12s. .'id. Hut 

 there are many private schools. The Church of 

 Knglaiid has .'ili,.'tt'J children in Sunday schools ; 

 Homan Catholic, 2.VS-JO ; Metboilist, 39,385 ; 1'ivs- 

 byteriiin, 12,054. There are technological, imlus- 

 trial, ami general museums, picture galleries, public 

 libraries, schools of ait-, an. I mining schools: and 

 a noble state university, having afliliate.l colleges, 

 crowns the educational edifice. 



See AUSTRALIA and works there cited ; bill.. 

 blenu of Greater Britain (1S!IO); K. Flanagan, Ilitturu 

 ofjfea South Wain (18t'c'i: A. 'holl,,,,, 

 Waif* and Queautand (1X74); L)r I-an 

 HMI/ xtiitirtimt Account of ffcir Xuul/i Il'.i/,.* i Is;:, , ; <;. 

 W. Griffin, Ifrw Koutli tt'alei, her Comm 

 ourec(1888); T. A. Coghlmi, Tht W,,ilth ,/ / 

 ofNewSouth Wain, /.' .'*' I Sydney, 1890); O. B ISaiton, 

 Hittory of New South H'alei from the Records ( 10 vol. 



r, a sheet of papiT printed and dis- 

 tributad at sh.ut interval- for convex ing intelligence 

 of passing events. This is a definition of a news- 

 pajier which might safely 1 employed for legal 

 pnriMMtes; hut it is altogether inadequate to de- 

 scribe the great institution which is now. in all 

 parts of the civilised and semi civilised world, at 

 once the liearcr of tidings, the herald of commerce, 

 and, according to the predilections of it- i 

 a more or less accepted guide in matters of politics, 

 theology, morals, arts, and .-ports. 



The number of the newspapers of the world in 

 (1891) estimated at 41. (KH), of which 24, (KK) apjiear 

 in Kurope. A further division, according tosliicter 

 geographical limitations, shows that Ccnnanv 

 heads the list with ;V>00. then comes I'Yance with 

 4IIKI, (Ireat Britain and Ireland with 4OOO. Austria- 

 Hungary with 3.VK>. Italy with MOO. Spain wilh 

 s.Vi. Ku-sia with soo, Swit/erliind ith 450, and 

 Itelgiiim and Holland with 300 each. The rest of 

 Kuropeaii newspapers are published in Portugal 

 and the Scandinavian and 1'alkan countries. The 

 I'nitcd Slates of Ameiica must be credited with 

 12,500 newspaiM'is. Canada claims 700, and 

 Australia about the same numlier. Of journals 

 issued in Asia, Japan alone ban 200. Africa has 

 _>OO newspapers, and the Sandwich Islands three. 

 Having regard to the respective popularity of the 

 languages employed, it is found thai 17.IHKI news- 

 papeis are published in Knglish, 7~>OO in (.ciiiian, 

 lisoo in French, 1800 in Spanish, and 1500 in Italian. 



The iiew.spa]M'r cjime into cxi-i.nce when 



accounts of tlie ini|>erial armies of Koine were -cut 



to the generals in command in all parts of the 



\ inces. These .'irt'i Iliiirini ere communicated 



the generals to the ollicers under their command, 



and thus the foundation of a system of newspaper 

 circulation was laid. It is to (!eiman> that we 

 have to look for the beginnings of modern Kuropeaii 

 journalism. As early as the l.'ilh century -mall 

 news-sheet* in the form of letters were issued in 

 Augsburg, Vienna, ltatisl>on, and Nuremlierg. It 

 was not until 1566, however, when the official 



