NEWSPAPER 



475 



ground with success for many years, but the great 

 speculative rush of more recent times, consequent 

 on the altered conditions brought about by the 

 passing of the Limited Liability Acts, has produced 

 a vast number of papers of this class, the Financial 

 News, started in 1884, and the Financial Times, 

 founded a little later, being amongst the more 

 widely circulated of financial daily newspapers. 

 And again, not only does a fully-illustrated news- 

 paper, the Daily Graphic (1890), appear every 

 morning, but many of the other daily journals 

 give illustrations of current events with more or 

 less frequency. The difficulties of producing clear 

 illustrations by the rotary printing-machinal which 

 are necessitated by large circulations are being 

 gradually overcome. 



Of purely literary journals the numlier is not 

 large. 1\\e Athenmum, founded in 1828, is devoted 

 exclusively to l<ooks, author-, science, art, music, 

 and the drama. The A rademy, established in 1869 on 

 similar lines, repeatedly 'modernised' its plan (as 

 in 1898, when illustrations in the text were added). 

 The Literary World covers much of the same 

 ground. Several weeklj journals, while devoting 

 special attention to literary criticism, have by 

 tneir free, frank, and able handling i>f political and 

 social subjects made themselves l>oth feared and 

 admired. The Examiner, established by Leigh 

 Hunt in 1808, lost ground after Hunt's retirement 

 in 1821, but five years later, when Albany 

 Foiililanque succeedecf to the post, it again became 

 a power, ami for many years remained the champion 

 of Radical thought. The Spectator, edited by 

 Kintoul, also held a strong independent position 

 about this period. Both papers were much read 

 by the cultured classes ; but after changes of 

 editorship and ]x>licy a term of decadence set in ; 

 and when, in 1854, the Satnrilni/ l!>-riew made its 

 appearance, controlled and contributed to by some 

 of the brightest intellects of the day, a great stride 

 in advance was made, and the weekly review 

 became as influential as the great quarterlies had 

 been in former clays. Almut the same time the 

 Xl-rtnttjr was remodelled by R. H. Hutton and 

 Meredith Townsend, and has ever since stood 

 high as the representative of what may l>e termed 

 the Philosophical Radical*. The Speaker, estab- 

 lished in 1890, is edited by Sir T. Wemyss Reid, 

 and is a Radical organ. 'The National Observer 

 (founded in 1888 as the Scots Observer) ran till 1897 

 as a Conservative political and literary review. 

 Literature (issued from the Time* ottice since 1897) 

 in a literary weekly. The Guardian (Anglo- 

 Catholic, 1846), the Tablet ( Roman Catholic, 1840), 

 the Christian World anil British Weekly ( IWt and 

 1886, Nonconformist), are religious newspapers. 

 4 Society ' journalism elates from the first publica- 

 tion of Vanity Fair in 1868, and wan strengthened by 

 the issuing of the World in 1874, and Truth in 

 1877. These papers, and a host of journals that 

 have been published in imitation of them, have 

 made the writing of personal paragraphs and 

 articles a leading feature; one of the results 

 liriiig a marked increase in the number of liliel 

 suits. _ The combination of the personal and 

 sensational dements constituting what it is custom- 

 ary to describe as the ' new journalism ' likewise 

 calls for mention. Cradled in America, it was 

 boldly adopteil in England by Mr W. T. Stead in 

 the early days of his editorship of the Pall Mall 

 Gazette, and eagerly taken up by numerous others. 



The following figures will give some idea of the 

 magnitude of the newspaper press of the United 

 Kingdom, and also of its classification : Daily 

 morning papers. H."> : daily evening pa]>ers, 126; 

 papers pnoNuM in England outside London, 1318; 

 in Scotland, 241; Ireland, 192; Wales, 90; the 

 Channel Islands, 14 ; the Isle of Man, 7. 



In the following analysis of class and trade 

 journals it has been found practically impossible 

 to differentiate between newspapers properly so 

 called and other periodicals. Occasionally, too, 

 a journal will appear under more than one classi- 

 fication. The distribution of papers according to 

 subjects, however, may be thus distinguished : 

 Accountants, 2 ; agents, 3 ; agriculture, 30 ; an- 

 tiquities, 3 ; anti-vaccination, 1 ; architecture, 8 ; 

 army, 11; art, 16; astronomy, 1; athletics, 12; 

 auctioneers, 3; bakers, 3; banking, 1; Baptists, 

 11; bees, 3; bells, 1; booksellers, 9; boot and 

 shoe trades, 2 ; botany, 2 ; boys, 6 ; brewers, 4 ; 

 builders, 13 ; building-societies, 2 ; butchers, 1 ; 

 carpenters, 1 ; caterers, 3 ; cattle-dealers, 2 ; chari- 

 ties, 5; chemists and druggists, 10; chess, 3; 

 Church, 47; civil service, 8 ; coach-builders, 2 ; coal 

 trade, 2 ; colonies, 21 ; comic, 30 ; commercial, 41 ; 

 confectionery, 3; contracts, 4; co-operation, 4; 

 country, 7; county courts, 1 ; cow-keepers, 1 ; 

 cricket, 1; cycling, 5; decoration, 6; dental, 3; 

 dogs, 5; drama, 13; drapers, 4; dyers, 1 ; educa- 

 tion, 23 ; electricity, 6 ; engineering, 10 ; entomol- 

 ogy, 1; estates, 7; exchange, 4; fashions, 37; 

 financial, 39 ; fire, 2 ; fishing and fish-trades, 4 ; 

 food, 3 ; freemasonry, 4 ; Free Methodists, 2 ; 

 friendly societies, 4; Friends (Society of), 3; fruit 

 trades, 2; furniture, 8; gardening, 16; gas, 3; 

 geographical, 2 ; geology, 1 ; German, 2 ; grocers, 

 9 ; gynecology, 1 ; hairdressers, 2 ; hardware, 1 ; 

 hatters, 1 ; Homoeopathy, 2 ; horology, 2 ; horses, 

 2 ; hosiers, 1 ; illustrated, 14 ; implements, 1 ; 

 India, 6 ; india-rublier, 1 ; insurance, 18 ; inven- 

 tions, 3 ; iron and ironmongers, 7 ; jewellers, 1 ; 

 Jewish, 4; labour, 4; laundry, 3; law, 18; leather, 

 5 ; licensed victuallers, 6 ; lifelxrats, 1 ; literary, 

 18; live-stock, 7; local government, 6; machinery, 

 3 ; matrimonial, 2 ; mechanics, 3 ; medical, 26 ; 

 meteorology, 1 ; millers, 2 ; mineral waters, 4 ; 

 mining, 3; music, 18; natural history, 6; navy, 14; 

 Nonconformists, 13; non-sectarian (religious), 46; 

 notes and queries, 2 ; numismatics, 1 ; official, 2 ; 

 oil and colour trade, 2; paper trades, 10; pawn- 

 brokers, 1; peace, 1 ; photography, 10; phrenology, 

 2 ; plumbers, 1 ; pottery, 1 ; poultry, 8 ; Presby- 

 terian, 3; Primitive Methodist, 7; printers, 12; 

 railways, 10; Roman Catholic, 15; saddlers, 3; 

 sanitary, 8 ; scientific, 6 ; secular, 3 ; shipping, 14 ; 

 shorthand, 3 ; society, 24 ; sporting, 40 ; stamps, 

 1 ; Sunday-schools, 6 ; tailors, 3 ; telegraphy, 2 ; 

 temperance, 32; textile industries, 11; timber 

 trade, 2; time-tables, 36; tobacco, 4 ; undertakers, 

 1 ; Unitarian, 2; warehousemen, 3; AVesleyans, 6; 

 wine and spirits, 4 ; yachting, 1. 



The circulations attained at the present day by 

 the leading metropolitan and provincial papers is 

 in some instances very large. The Daily T elegraph 

 and the Slmnlnril each circulates close on a quarter 

 of a million copies. Amongst the London evening 

 papers the Star, the Echo, and the Evening News 

 mill Vast each claims a circulation of 21X1,000 copies 

 or thereabouts. Of the penny weeklies, Lloyd's 

 N'-n-.i/inner heads the list with half a mil lion copies, 

 and a further half-million is divided between the 

 Weekly Dispatch and Reynolils's Newspaper. Other 

 London weeklies with vast circulations are the 

 I'nliiv \fir.t, Ri-feree, Illustrated London News, 

 with the Sketch, Graphic, and Black and White. 

 In the provinces there are the Yorkshire Post, 

 45,000, the three Manchester morning papers (with 

 a combined issue of at least 100,000), and the 

 Btmtingkam Post, 30,000, amongst the morning 

 dailies; and a glance at the list of provincial 

 week lies, gives us the Sheffield Weekly Telegraph, 

 2I.->,0<>0, the Glasgow Weekly Mail, 200,000, the 

 Ihni'li-r Weekly \i-ir.i and People's, Journal, 200,000, 

 the Newcastle Weekly Chronicle, 100,000, the Man- 

 chester Weekly Times, 100,000, and the Sunday 



