47-'. 



NEWSPAPER 



Chrouirtt ( Manchester i, 200,000. It should lie 

 mention*! also that since 1882, when Til Hit* was 

 started, there have sprung into existence a large 

 number of journals which are neither strictly 

 newspapers nor magazines, but are widely popular. 

 Tit-Ilili has a cirrulation of over half a million 

 copies per week. Following in its train are such 

 papers B AlUtrrra, J'fiinnn't Wrrkly, \c., all of 

 which sell largely. 



As already mentioned, the newspaper press of 

 land had its origin during 'I' 1 ' civil wan of the 

 17th century, a printer named Higgius. attached to 

 Cromwell's army, lieing employed to reprint the 

 London Mfrrurins I'lilitirux RM the licnelit of the 

 troops then in Scotland. This issue was continued 

 fnini 1I153 to lti(i<>; in which latter year the . Mrr- 

 riiriMn I'lUfilnnitu was pnhlUhed, existing only for 



thrc lonths, and lieing succeeded by the. ffiiig- 



i/inii'i Inte/lii/fni-n: In 105*9 came the Bttatbttrgk 

 '!-, iii I7<>2 the Kdinhurgh Cmtrnnt, in 170<i 

 the Scot* Counnit, and in 1718 the Etlinbnriih 

 Kffniuy CmiriiHt. In 1720 the Mercitriut Cale- 

 di,niii* was reviveil on the ('ulcdoninn Mmiiru, and 

 survived until the middle of the 19th century. 

 The Srutxmnn, which may he regarded as the Times 

 uf Scotland, came into existence in 1817, the 

 Glasgow Herald in 1782, the Aberdeen Jininnil in 

 1746, the Kettm .Vail in 1797, the Dundee <!' r 

 titer in 1801, the Ayr Advertiser in 1803, the Kurth 

 llrit ixh /itu'li/ Mini in 1S47, and the Scottis/i Leader 

 in lv<7. 



In Ireland, a news-sheet called Warranted 

 Tiding* from frflund saw the light during the 

 rebellion of 1841, but the />iift/iH AVirv/crfcc. started 

 in 1685, was the first Irish newspaper properly so 

 called. A Diililin daily, called lues Ocrurrenres, 

 ran from 17<*> to aliout 1750; and t'ttulkner's Jour- 

 nal, another Diililin daily journal, was started in 

 IT'-N. .SViM/i/fV/vr'* \rn:i/i-lti-r, established in 1746, 

 existed down to 1ST!). The Diililin Emu'ii;/ /'"it 

 was first issued in 1725; and in 1737 the BtlfaM 

 Neualttter, the oldest existing Irish newspaper, 

 was started. The Itt-rni Juiirnnl was MtabliwiW 

 in 1772, the l.imrrirl; t'lirmiirle- in 17GJ, and the 

 lb.' fast .V./rr/irr/i ll'/i/V; in 1824. 



Tin- Kn^'lisli papers of tin; principality of Wales 

 how evidences of the picssiiri- ot a puhlic de- 

 mand which every year lieoomes more exacting. 

 In the northern division, a thinly-spreiul population 

 have still to lie content with weekly ]i:i|>ers 

 \VeUh and Knxlish with the adilition of such 

 daily supply its is adopted hy the Liver|M>ol pie- s . 

 The tenarity with which the masses elin^ to the 

 native lugMft enahles the linner of Denhi^li to 

 hold a commanding |Hwitioii aiiion^' I lie newspapers 

 of North Wales. A ditlereiit eondition of thing's 

 obtains in the lm-y i-i-ntn-s of South Wales, with 

 its vigorous industrial life and populous rom- 

 iniiiiitie-. Two daily papers share the p.itrona^e 

 of the South Wiiliau. The H'.'s7.'i-n Mail, a pro- 

 |{rewiive Democratic-Conservative journal, is the 

 r in point of age. The SHH//I ll'<i/c.v lini/if 

 M is the or^'.'in of the ailvanred UbAnUiMn pro- 

 femud hy the majority of South Wales electors. 

 Itoth papers are puhlished in (Cardiff. Each popu- 

 lous district has its local journal, and the veniani- 

 lar press is sup|>orted hy a large, hut dimiiii-lnn;.', 



In the different British colonies newspaper enter- 

 prise has rx-eii very active in recent years. As far 

 iwck as 1803 the Australian colonies were catvred 

 for hy the ,S'i///cy Um.-ttr. mid Xr.in Sunlit Walet 

 Artmrtiter, which was published ' hy authoiity.' 

 The A tutrnlinn, also i-sued in New South Wales, 

 was originated in IH'Jt, hut siiecmnlicd in 1848. 

 In ls:tl, however, the Si/iliirii Murnni'i llrntlil was 

 estahlished, and DM long held the position of licing 

 the most substantial paper in the colony. In 



Viet 01 ia the Millnmnif .( - as the pro- 



genitor of the existing race of Victorian journals. 

 At lirM it was written, not printed, and had a 

 circulation of not moiethan a do/en copies at six- 

 pence a c J'y' ' l ceased with iis thirty -secon.l 

 niimher. Tin.- .ln/nt and the Age the latter 

 reputed to have the largest circulation of any in 

 Australia now hold the tirst rank. South Aus- 

 tralia has in the Itnjinttr a journal which has been, 

 pnMishcd daily since 1850. There are not more 

 than aliut a score of journals in Western Australia, 

 the number including three dailies. The Ilnslmne 

 (',. in-ill- is the patriarch of journalism in (Queens- 

 land. There arc two other dailies in liii-hunc. and 

 nliout seventy pa|ei-s altogether in the colony. In 

 Tasmania the nv\\spa|>er press U-gan to have a 

 history in 1810. There are four dailies in the 

 colony, and attoiit twenty others. In New Zealand 

 there are no fewer than fourteen towns which have, 

 daily papeis, besides more than a hundred other 

 journals published throughout the island. 



In the South Afiican colonies the t'ufie Tim ft, 

 although it was only established in 1S715, takes the 

 lead. In Johannesburg Knglish enterjirise has a 

 great daily pa|>er in tlie (.'upe Arijut. The i'u/- 



. 



, published three times a week, was estab- 

 lished in I87"> in King William's Town. Natal has. 

 three daily papers and many weeklies. On the 

 Cold Coast, in Sierra Leone, St Helena, Mauritius, 

 Iliitish Cuiana (which has a daily paper at George- 

 town I, and the West Indies (with a daily journal 

 in Jamaica) liritish journalism is more or less well 

 represented. Even Cyprus has its weekly Un-1. 

 China claims to have had newspa|>ers liefore they 

 were known in Kurope, and we are sjiecially 

 interested in the thiee or four Knglish dailies pub- 

 lished in Hong kong. 



In India we tin. I an Knglish press powerful and 

 inlluential out of all proportion to the extent of its 

 circulation. K\eiy Kuro|x>an British subject in 

 India, who has brains ami character, is the centre 

 of a social system. To him the newsiiaper, which 

 constitutes the link IM-I \\een his early home and 

 the scene of his daily !al>oiir, is an infinitely more 

 important institution than the British journal is to 

 the eiti/.en of London or Liverpool. The Einilixli- 

 ni'iii, a daily paper published in Calcutta, first 

 made its appearance in IS'.'I, under the title of the 

 John Hull in the Kn.il, and had set up at its press 

 the rough proofs of se\eial of Macaulav's best. 

 known essays. Tbeie are two other dailies in 

 Calcutta, while Bombay. Madias, Allahabad, 

 Delhi, Lahore, ami Kangoon have each one or 

 more dail\ newspaper. Many journals are issued 

 in Knglish by natives for native readers, ami the 



printed in tin 1 vernacular languages are 

 legion. The email cost of native labour largely 

 aids the multiplication of Indian journals. 



I'mii'il Stair* Kin/ ( 'linn, /n. -Iii IsiKi there were 

 issued in the Tinted States and Canada a total 

 numU-r of 17,7i>< newspa|M-n> and periodical pub- 

 lieiilioiis, consisting of 13,164 weeklies, 2101 

 monthlies. Ili-jr, d.'iilies. '.Nil semi monthlies, -217 

 semi-weeklies, 120 quarterlies, 82 bi-weeklies. :js 

 Iii monthlies, and :i(i tii -weeklies. The geographical 

 distribution of the 17,7(!O peri<Mlicals is as follows : 

 New York state. I77N; Illinoi-., i:di!l; Pennsylvania, 

 1281; Ohio, 1043; Dominion of Canada, 812; 

 w>7 ; Iowa, 799; Missouri, 756; Massa- 



. Us;.",; Indiana. OVil ; Michigan, 644; 

 Neor.iska. ,"I(M ; California, 536: Wisconsin, 529 ( 

 Texas, !)): Minnesota, 427; New Jersey, 318; 

 Colorado, 2118; Ceorgia, 257; Kentucky, _V>7 ; 

 South Dakota. 250; Tennessee, 236; the Terri- 

 tories, 220: Virginia, 220: North Carolina, 1!>2: 

 Arkansas, 18.1; Connecticut, 182: Maryland, 178; 

 Alabama, 175; Maine, 156; Mississippi, 1 .">.">; 

 Louisiana, 152 ; Wanhington, 140 ; Went Virginia, 



