478 



Ni:\v>r APKK 



NEWT 



.S'/.ii;<.rf, and Stun/a Cunnint, published at the 



Ban* 



Sirit;rrlaiul. Although the Swiss pres is getier- 

 ally shaking ably conducted, it dm not include 

 any journal of Euni|>ean importance. The different 

 cantons have their local newspa|>erB, in which local 

 matter* are discussed with much |>olitiral bias, and 

 latteily then- ha\e IH-CII published one or two 

 Swiss journals piint'd in trench and F.ngli-h, and 

 intended m.iinK for tin- travelling public, Uie Hioist 

 Tiinr* being the first of these. 



Germany, a* we have seen, was furnished with 

 newn sheet* long prior to their intriKliictinn into 

 England ; bat it wag not l>efore IU15 that any 

 (rrinan newspatier had a really settled habitation. 

 Frankfort wax tin 1 first town to possess a journal of 

 it- own ; Kiil'l:t. Hildcslicim. anil Hcrford followed. 



The first Leip/ig newspaper was puldi-lieil in 

 The HunUntrgtrne Corretpmnlr.nt deserves mention 

 as the first paper to organise a stall" of foreign 

 correspondent-!!. In 1798 the Allgemeinc Zeitunt) 

 was established l>y Cot la, and gradually niaile its 

 way into the front rank of Euroiican journals, 

 licing still regarded as the leading |>a|>er in 

 <;crin:iny. Severe restrictions have fettered the 

 tlerman press even in recent years, the government 

 hat ing exhibited no little animus against the many 

 socialistic journals which have sprung into exist- 

 ence, but now coui|>arative freedom is enjoyed. 

 Berlin owns a large number of doily papers, includ- 

 ing the Vottitrhe Xi'i'tmi-/, the ftorttdeutsclie 

 Allgemeine Zeilini't, the \r. tie Prettstitche Zeitttng, 

 the Putt, the .\nli'in>i! Zeitung, and the Volkt- 

 zeitunif. The Oiloaite Gitzctte is a paper of 

 influence, and at Hamburg and other leading 

 towns there is considerable journalistic enterprise. 

 In 1S33 (iermany Inul 350 journals of all kinils ; 

 it has now 5500, about a quarter of which were 

 until recently avowedly government organs hence 

 the vogue of the term ' Bismarck's reptile press.' 



Aialria. Austrian journalism has similarly ex- 

 panded and improved in recent years. Vienna is a 

 very active centre, and within ita boundaries many 

 excellent papers are issued, the Ncue Freie Prase 

 and the Keue Wiener TayUatt being the most 

 important. 



Iliin'jury. The literary activity of Hungary may 

 lie judged oy the fact that there are no fewer than 

 17 papers published daily in the capital, some of 

 tin-in having a circulation of 25,000. 



Drnmitrl;. -t' p to I H30 only two newspapers were 

 printed in Copenhagen, and both were entirely 

 made up of e\trae!< from foreign journals. The 

 olli'-ial paper, the lifrlinyskr. 1'iitrntlr,, which was 

 established in 171!'. is puMi-lied daily, and lias a 

 circulation of 10,000. There are ten daily journals 

 published in the capital, and the Aften/inxtdi, an 

 veiling paper, has the largest circle of rea4ent. 



a a a 'I Norway. The Ortitnarie Pott 

 Tidewlt, stui ted in 1643, seems to have been the 

 first Swedish paper. Stockholm now boosts four 

 daily journals, the Stm-Llmlm Ihn/li/in/ having a 

 ciiculation of 23.000. It'ii. Miiryenblad is the lead- 

 ing paper of Norway. 



S/,:t,ii Spanish journalism cannot lie said to 

 have really e\ited until a comparatively recent 

 period. There was no liberty of the press in Spain 

 until after the revolution of ISM, 'I lie chief daily 

 journals of Mo<lrid are the t 'iirrrtt/mnflcitciti tie 

 /,'-/( and the Ini/mi-riii/, (lie former having a 

 circulation of ab>iut .Vt.lHXI. the latter of W inie 

 70,0110. The prn-s of Portugal is not more llourish- 

 ing than tlmt of Spain. 



Ihtly. Mention has alrea.lv lieeti made of the 

 early lln-rllm of Italy. Their ciieecvimn were 



denounced by the popes, rojierially by (Jregory 

 XIII., nnd up to 1847 the Italian press was (if 

 mall account. A rigid censorship existed until 



fur into the I'.lth century. There are now fifty 

 daily pa|>ent published in Italy, chietly in Koine, 

 llologi, i, l-'lorencc. tieiioa. Milan, Leghorn, Naples. 

 I'alcrmo, and Turin. The >...,/,, (l f Milan is 

 credited with a dailv rireulaiion of I '31,000. 



lln&ria. Peter the tiieat wns the author of 

 HiiKMan journalism. Political journalism, how- 

 ever, is practically forbidilen in the dominion of 

 the czar, the (tapers <H.vupying tlicmselves for the 

 most |>art with literal v anil scientific i|uc>tions. 

 The Juurnnl tie *t ]'ettrsl>onrtj( Is-.' I i^ -' mi nllieial, 

 and, though it has but a small circulation, it is 

 ell known throughout Kurope. l-ing piiblisliol in 

 Krencli. The two daily papei> of largest circulation 

 are the A"< - r l'it,ni/<i ( 'New Times '), the organ 

 of the popular ]>arty, and tin ('Latest' 



News'), which represent- the doctrinaire l.ilx-uils. 



Turkey. .Journalism in Turkey is chielly of 

 foreigii origin, and the French were the first to 

 exploit this form of enterprise in the land of the 

 sultan. Anv opiMisition to the govetninent is not 

 pennitted, tlierefore the Turkish pupci> contain no 

 lending articles. Some fourteen sheets, however, 

 are issued daily in Constantinople, in Turkish, 

 French, or English. The leading Turkish journal, 

 the Djeritlei Jlticat/is, was established in 1843 by an 

 Englishman. 



the article! RFPORTIXO, ADVERTISISO, und PRINT- 

 IITO ; also Andrews' Hitlorii of Brititk Journa/itm ( Lond. 

 1859); Grant's The bnctpajxr frnt: it* Ongin, Pro- 

 arcit, and 1'rrtxnt Condition (Loud. 1871); H. Fox 

 Kourne's Kiuilixh Jfevtpapert ( Lond. 1887 ) ; Pebodr's 

 Kwjlitk Journalitm, and the Men vho hart maile It 

 (Lund. 1882); Baker's The A'ttnpaptr World (Lond. 

 (18Wh Mitchell'i Newtpapcr J'rrtt Directory ; and Sell's 

 f Preu. 



Newstrad Abbey, K> miles NN\V. of Notting- 

 ham, on the Iwrderof Suerwood Forest, "a.sfoiiniletl 

 for Aufjiistinian Canons by Henrj- II. in atonement 

 for liecket's murder (1170), and in 1540, after the 

 dissolution, was given to 'Sir John liyron the 

 Little, with the great beard.' Among his descend- 

 ants were the first Lord Hymn (ere. 1643), the 

 'wicked Lord Hymn ' (1722-98), and the poet 

 Lord Hyron (q.v.). who mode the half-ruinous old 

 place his home in 1808, but sold it in 1818, since 

 which time about HM),000 has been spent on its 

 restoration. For a full description of S'c-.vstead, 

 its lake, ruined cliurcli, sii|>cr>titions. and memories, 

 see Washington Irving's Abbulsfurd and Kewstead 

 (1835). 



>"ew Stylo. See CALENDAR, CHRONOLOGY. 



New Sweden. See PENNSYLVANIA. 



Newt, or Err (Triton), a genus of caduci- 

 liranchiate Amphibians (see AMl'HIHIA), somewhat 

 resembling the Salamanders, but more slender 

 ami active, and making up with them the family 

 Salamaiulridie. The newts have a soft, sensitive 

 skin, covered with warty tubercles or granules; a 

 lateialK compressed tail ; four fingers and five 

 toes : teeth on the jaws and palate ; an upper and 

 a lower eyelid, and a third eyelid or nictitating 

 membrane : small nostrils near the snout, opening 

 internally into the mouth ; and generally well 

 developed organs of the lateral line. They are 

 found in marshes and (Hinds and damp places. 

 In habit they are carnivorous, devouring insects 

 nt various kinds, worms, snails, frog -spawn, and 

 even smaller animals of their own kind. Sixteen 

 species are enumerated, widely distributed in 

 Europe, ami found also in Algeria, North China 

 and Japan, the eastern states of North America, 

 California, and Oregon. The Great Water Newt, 

 or Warty Newt (7*. rrixlnliix), is the largest Itritish 

 suecies. It is aliout 6 inches long; the liody is 

 thick and round, the up|T parts arc generally very 

 dark, the sides are dotted with white, and the 

 breast and belly are of a bright orange colour, 



