518 



NORFOLK 



NORMAN ARCHITECTURE 



Yarmouth and other port*. Norfolk comprise* 33 

 hundreds, the city of Norwich, the municipal 

 boroughs of Kings Lynn. Great Yarmouth, and 

 Thetford (parU of the two latter extending into 

 Suffolk), and 736 civil parishes with part* of 9 

 others, mostly in the diocese of Norwich. Its par- 

 liamentary divisions are six in nuinher, each return- 

 ing one member, and the county rnunril consists of 

 76 members. Towns other than the foregoing are 

 Dereham, I>iss, Downham Market, North \Val- 

 sham, SwalTlmm, anil Wymondham. In the history 

 of the county tin- most notable incidents have been 

 the settleme'nts within its borders of the Flemish 

 refugees and Walloons in the reigns of Henry I., 

 Edward III., and Queen Elizalieth ; and Ket's 

 rebellion (1549). Many interesting traces of the 

 handiwork of its format occupants are still extant 

 in the ruins of priories at Castle Acre, Thetford, 

 and WlUaghm, in the castles of Norwich, Castle 

 Rising (where Queen Isabella was routined a pris- 

 oner), and Caistnr, in earthworks at Huckenliam, 

 Caistor, and Thetford, and in the old halls of Blick- 

 ling (the home of the Boleyns), Holkham, Hough- 

 ton, Oxburgh, and East Bat-sham. Among Norfolk 

 'worthies' (omitting those noticed under Norwich ) 

 are to be found the names of Gonville (founder of 

 the college at Cambridge which l>ears his name). 

 Sir John Fastolf, the Earl of Surrey, Sir Thomas 

 Gresham, Skelton and Shad well (poets-laureate), 

 Sir Edward Coke, his descendant the Earl of 

 Leicester, Spelman (the antiquary), Sir Roger 

 L'Estrange, Sir Cloudesley Shovel, Sir Robert Wai- 

 pole and his son Horace, Blomefield (the topo- 

 Oher), Tom Paine, Wind ham (the statesman), 

 iam Godwin, Lord Nelson, Professor Person, 

 Manby (inventor of life-saving apparatus), Sir 

 Astley Cooper, Elizabeth Fry, Fowell Buxton, 

 Lord Cranworth, Captain Marryat (the novelist), 

 Cattennole (the painter), Borrow (the Romany 

 Rye), Bulwer Lytton, and Rider Haggard. For 

 the Dukes of Norfolk, see HOWARD. 



See the county histories by Hlomefield (11 vols. 

 1805-10), Clumber* (2 vols. 1829). Kye (1885), and 

 White (new ed. 1890); also A. D. Bayne's Eiutrm 

 Snfiland (2 vol. 1873), G. C. Uaviea' tiorfoUc Broads 

 and Riven (1884), and Jessopp's Anaily ( 1887). 



Norfolk, a city and port of entry of Virginia, 

 on the right bank of the Kli/ulwt h River, 8 miles 

 from Hamilton Roads, and 33 miles from the ocean. 

 The city is irregularly built on low ground, and 

 contains a city hall, mechanics' and masonic halls, 

 custom-house) military academy, and Catholic 

 seminary. Its large deep harbour is defends! by 

 Fort Calhoun and Fortress Monroe. A govern- 

 ment navy yard, dry-dock, and hospital are at 

 < ; ..-port, a naval suburb of Portsmouth, on the 

 otiixwite bank of the river. Norfolk ships con- 

 HKterahle quantities of cotton, oysters, and early 

 fruits and vegetables ; lines of steamers connect 

 it with New York and other cities, and three 

 canals end here. The town was burned by the 

 Itritith in 1770. The famous engagement between 

 t hi'. I/' rn in if and tin- Mnniliir ( 1K62) wax finish t oil 

 Norfolk. Pop. I is'.m ' :*4,871 ; ( 19*X 40,6:24. 



Norfolk Island lies in the Western Pacific, 

 about half-way lietween New Zealand and New 

 Caledonia, 400 miles NNW. of the former. The 

 coasts are high ( mean altitude, 400 feet) and steep, 

 and the surface generally uneven, rising in Mount 

 Pitt to 1050 feet. The island is 6 miles long, anil 

 has an area of Ki'. sq. m. The soil is fertile anil 

 well watered, ami the climate healthy. The 

 Norfolk Island Pine grows to a height of 200 feet 

 the Norfolk Island Cabbage is a dwarf pine. 

 Norfolk Island was discovered by Cook in 1774. 

 Between 1788 and 18O5, and again l>etween 18*26 

 and 1855, it was a penal settlement for convicts 

 ent from New South Wales. In 1856 many of the 



nhahitants of Pitcairn Island (q.v.) were trans- 

 ferred hither by the British government. In 1- 

 h>- pop. was 741. This includes about l.vi Melan- 

 -ian Don and girls U-ing educated at Bishop 

 I 'ait (son's mission-Ktatioii of St Barnabas, Norfolk 

 Island being the headquarters of the diocese of 

 Melanesia, which was founded in 1861. The 

 : ie.,ple govern themselves, under the superin- 

 tendence of the government of New South Wales; 

 they tish, farm, and supply provisions to passing 

 vessels. 



\orliani Castle* the Border fortress of the 

 Bishops of Durham, on the right bank of the 

 'I' w.-ed, 8 miles SW. of Berwick. Founded in 

 1121, and deemed impregnable in 1522, it has 

 memories of Kings Jolin, Edward I., and James 

 IV., but is known best through Marmion. The 

 picturesque ruins comprise a great square keep, 

 70 feet nigh. See Hubert Jerningham's Xorham 

 Castle (1883). 



Nor'icum, a Roman province, situated between 

 Rhii'tia on the west and Pannonia on the east, 

 and corresponding to the present states of Austria 

 proper south of the Danube, Styiia, Carinthia, and 

 part of Salzburg. The Roman emperor DriiMis 

 subdued the native Celtic Norici or Tanrisci in 

 15 B.C. The name survives in the Noric Alps; 

 see ALPS. 



Normal Schools, or TRAINING-COLLEGES, 

 institutions where teachers are instructed in the 

 principles of their profession and trained in the 

 practice of it. See EDUCATION, Vol. IV. pp. 211, 

 217. 



Norman Architecture, a style originated 

 and chiefly used by the Normans. Soon after their 

 conquest of the north of France they began to erect 

 churches and cathedrals in memory of their vic- 

 tories ; and, not contented with the small churches 

 then common in France, they desired to erect monu- 

 ments worthy of their great conquests. They 

 accordingly expanded the dimensions, while to a 

 great extent retaining the style of the buildings 

 they found in the north of France ; though they 

 seem also to have borrowed some of their ideas 

 from the Rhine (see GOTHIC ABCHTTKOTUBX). 



The leading characteristics of their style were 

 size and massiveness. They adopted the old Latin 

 plan (derived from the Basilica) of central and side 

 aisles ; and at the east end they invariably placed 

 :i semicircular apse. They seized on the tower as 

 a distinguishing feature, and developed it as their 

 style progressed. The ornaments are simple and of 

 great variety, but the most common and distinctive 

 are the zigzag, billet, chevron, nail-head, S:c. The 

 windows ami doors are simple, with semicircular 

 arched heads the former without tracery. The 

 tympanum of the door-arch is occasionally filled 

 with sculpture. The nave-arches are carried some- 

 times on single pillars, but more frequently, especi- 

 ally as the style advanced, on piers with shafts. 

 The shafts are almost always recessed in nooks (or 

 'nook shafts'). Owing to the great size of the 

 buildings the architects were unable at first to vault 

 the main aisle, which, accordingly, had usually 

 a wooden roof, the side aisles only lieing vaulted. 

 The masonry is rude, the joints lieing large, and 

 the stones generally unhewn. The style prevailed 

 from about the beginning of the 10th century till 

 the death of William the Conqueror, near the end 

 of the llth eentuiy. There are many examples in 

 Normandy, the churches at Caen being well-known 

 buildings "of the date of William. 



This style of architecture was brought into 

 England by the Normans at the Conquest, 1066. 

 They there extended the scale of the buildings, as 

 they hail done in Normandy, preserving, however, 

 many local peculiarities of the Saxon style, wMch 



