NORMANBY 



NORMANDY 



519 



they found in the country. The chapel of St 

 John, on the second floor of the White Tower of 

 London, is the earliest example of pure Norman 

 work in England, that ancient keep having been 

 built by Wflliam the Conqueror in 1078. There 

 are, however, many buildings, both in England and 

 Scotland, which date from before the end of the 12th 



St John's Chapel, Tower of London. 



centnry, when the pointed style began to be used ; 

 Durham, Lindisfarne, Canterbury, Dnnferniliiie are 

 partially Norman, besides many other churches and 

 castles. The Anglo-Norman is heavier than the 

 French-Norman, the cylindrical nave piers of the 

 English building being much more massive than 

 those of French works. To relieve this heaviness 

 the chevron, spiral, and other grooving were cut 

 in the piers. The mouldings and forms of doors 

 ami windows are the same as those of Normandy. 

 There is one remarkable difference in the plans of 

 the Early Norman churches in the two countries : 

 in France the apse at the east end is always semi- 

 circular, but in England this form was gradually 

 given up, and towards the end of the style the 

 square east end was generally adopted. 



\ormanby, a town in the North Riding of 

 Yorkshire, 34 miles SE., and mainly within the 

 parliamentary boundary, of Middlesborongli. Pop. 

 9114. It has given the title of marquis in 1694 

 to John Sheffield (q.v.). Earl of Mulgrave and 

 afterwards Duke of Buckinghamshire, as also in 

 1838 to Constantine Henry Phipps (1797-1863), 

 previously Earl of Mulgrave, and a distinguished 

 statesman. 



Normandy, formerly a province of France, 

 lying along the seal mart! of the English Channel, 

 between Brittany and French Flanders, its eastern 

 Ixiiiinlaries being marked by the little rivers Eu 

 and Epte, and its western by the Coufemon. In 

 area it corresponded approximately to the modern 

 departments of Seine-Infcrieure, Eure, Orne, 

 Calvados, and Main-lit-, its capital being Rouen. 

 It is on the whole a fertile region, with well- 

 ctiltivated fields and many smiling orchards, filled 

 with apple-trees, from the fruit of which cider is 

 made. The people are intelligent and industrious, 

 and rank amongst the best and most energetic 

 of Frem-li provincials. When the Romans were 

 masters of (iaul this portion of the country fanned 

 part of Gnllia Luit<luneiisi Secunila ; after the 

 Franks' invasion it made a constituent part of 

 the kingdom of Nenstria, and was given by Charles 

 the Bold to the Duke of Paris. From ttie middle 



of the 9th century its coasts were harried by the 

 vikings or sea-rovers of the north ( see NORTHMEN ) ; 

 shortly after the 10th century began they estab- 

 lished themselves in such force along the Seine 

 that Charles, king of the Western Kingdom, 

 was clad to make a definite agreement with 

 their leader Rolf (Rollo, Ron) at Clair-sur-Epte 

 in 912. Rolf, Duke of the Northmen, 

 became the vassal of the king, but 

 wrested his lands from the Duke of 

 Paris, and consequently had him for 

 an enemy all hi* life. Rolf at the 

 same time became nominally a Chris- 

 tian, taking at his baptism the name 

 of Roliert. His successor was liis sun 

 William Longsword, who declared 

 himself King Charles's vassal in Sl'27. 

 His father had conquered lands to the 

 west of those originally granted to 

 him ; William added the Cotentin, or 

 peninsula of Manche, and thus ex- 

 tended the duchy westwards to Brit- 

 tany and the sea. This he seems to 

 have done partly with the help of 

 new-comers from the north, who 

 settled there. Thus there were strik- 

 ing differences between eastern and 

 western Normandy : the former 

 rapidly adopted Christianity, the 

 French language (langiie d'cetl), and 

 the manners and customs of the 

 French, whilst the newer district* 

 stuck sturdily to their heathen faith 

 and customs and their native. Norse tongue. Open 

 war was waged between the rival parties not only 

 during the lifetime of William, but in the reign of 

 his son and successor, Richard the Fearless (943- 

 996), who only overcame the heathen and Scandi- 

 navian party with the help of King Louis and the 

 Duke of Parts. Louis then attempted to make 

 himself master of Normandy Richard being a 

 youth but was frustrated by Hugh of Paris, who 

 now sided with the Normans. In 987 Hugh lie- 

 came king of the Western Kingdom of France ; 

 and the good understanding established between 

 Normandy and France lasted from that time 

 down to the accession of William, the Conqueror 

 of England. Richard the Good, son of Richard 

 the Fearless, began to rule in 996, and, dying in 

 1026, left his son Richard as his successor. It was 

 during his reign that Nortmannia began to be sub- 

 stituted for Land of the Northmen ; hence Normandy 

 and Normans. The second Richard's sister Emma 

 married, first Ethelred of England, and second 

 Canute (Knut) of Denmark and England; this 

 knit the first close ties between the ruling families 

 of England and Normandy. The third Richard was 

 succeeded after a reign of two years by his brother 

 Robert, who died on nis way llack from a pilgrim- 

 age to Jerusalem in 1035, leaving as the heir to his 

 duchy his natural son William, at that time a boy. 

 During William's minority the duchy was the 

 scene of anarchy and confusion. The western 

 portion made an attempt to assert its independ- 

 ence, an attempt crashed by William with the 

 help of the king of France at Val-fcs-Dunes 

 (1047). The next twenty years are written glori- 

 ous in the annals of Normandy. William ruled 

 with vigour and prudence ; he fostered the noble 

 houses, but kept a firm hand on the nobles ; en- 

 couraged the churches, yet preserved the control of 

 church matters himself ; thoroughly established 

 the feudal system ; gave countenance and support 

 to learning ( Lanfranc, Anselm ) ; and favoured the 

 building of magnificent abbeys. He also waged war 

 with the Count of Anjou, his southern neighbour, 

 for the county of Maine, and conquered it in 1063 ; 

 and even fought against the king of France, who 



