520 



NORMANTON 



NORTH 



gave assistance to reltcla against William's rule. 

 Alter tin- conquest of England (q.v.) Maine re- 

 volted ami had to be subdued again, William'* 

 son Rolx'it lelicllcd against him in Normandy, nml 

 a war broke ui with France, in which William 

 (q.v. | lo-t his life. The incapable I hike Roln-rt 

 mortgaged lib ilnchy to hi- hrother William Kufus, 

 anil wen! erOMdilf to the East. After his return 

 he was defeated ami imprisoned by his brother 

 Henry I., who ruled Normamly till his death 

 (1UBK notwithstanding the aSorti of Robert's 

 son William to dislodge him. After the acces- 

 sion of Stephen in England Matilda's husband, 

 Geoffrey of Anjon, gradually mo<le himself master 

 of Normamly (1139-45), but after reigning live 

 years he resigned it to iiis son, afterwards Henry 

 II. of England. Hichard I. and John were the next 

 dukes. But the duchy was taken away from 

 John by the king of France ( 1203-4), on the plea 

 that as the murderer of his nephew Arthur he 

 (John) had forfeited his French fiefs. The claim 

 to the title was, however, only formally renounced 

 bv Henry 111. in 1259. Twice subsequently 

 Normandy was in English liands : Edward III. 

 conquered it in 1346. ami Henry V. in 1417-18; but 

 the English were finally driven out in 1450. The 

 Channel Islands (q.v.) are a remnant of the Nor- 

 man possessions still In-longing to the descendants 

 of the Norman kind's of England. For map, see 

 France in provinces ; for the Norman-French and 

 Anglo-Norman literature, see ENGLISH LlTERA- 

 TTRK, Vol. IV. p. 366; FRANCE, Vol. IV. p. 785; 

 and ROMANCE LAN;I-AI.K--. 



CUSTOM ARV LAW OF NORMANDY. The duchy 

 was governed by customary law, which grew up 

 principally out of local usages ; at first it was the 

 same as 'the customary law of England. Even 

 down to the present day the law administered in 

 the royal courts of the Channel Islands is virtually 

 tin* old customary law of Normandy. One feature 

 survives in the Cry of Haro (q.v.). This ancient 

 customary law of Normandy seems to have been 

 collected in writing on three separate occasions. 

 The earliest collection was apparently written 

 down bv private persons in 1200 and about 1220, 

 and had no official character ; the third collection 

 ) is a revised edition of the second, the Gmml 

 ifr, completed early in the 14th centurv. 

 See Sir Travere Twins in Academy, 24th June 1882. 



See Freeman, Nurman Conquat (5 vols. 1877); Pal- 

 grave, History of Kormandy (4 volt. 1878); Planchu, 

 The Conqueror and /lit Companion* (1874); S|M-HCC. 

 Dreanilitiiil in Hittrv ( 1890 1 ; and topographical works 

 by Blackburn (1809) and K. Macquoid (1874). 



\oriliailtoil. a town in the West Riding of 

 Yorkshire, by rail 3 miles NK. of Wakelield ami 

 10 SE. of Leeds, an important railway junction, and 

 seat of coal -mining and iron working. Pop. 10,234. 



\oriis. the Pareai of Scandinavian mythology, 

 were three maidens, by name Urd, Verdundi, 

 and Skald i.e. Past, Present, and Future. They 

 by the well of I'rd, under the world-tree 

 Ygdrasil in Asgard, and there determine the fate 

 Ixith of gods and men. Resides these three there 

 are many inferior norns, both good and bad, 

 answering to the i;cmi of classicalmythology ; to 

 Hiirh an- attribiitiible the unequal destinies of men 

 in the world. Women who jK.ssessed the power of 

 prediction or magic also We this name. 



\oronlia. FKUXAMIO. a group of small islands 

 twlonging to Brazil, in the South Atlantic, nlxmt 

 200 miles ENK. of Cape San Roque. The group, 

 which comprises a mam island, 04 miles long ami 

 al)iit 2 broad, and several smaller islet*, is of 

 volcanic character, pliotmlite and other rocks of 

 late formation resting on a foundation of Imsalt. 

 A curious calcareous sandstone is also common, 



consisting of sand and fragment* of shells, rendered 

 tirm by the action oi water. The climate is healthy, 

 and the trade-winds keep the tcin|M ratine modciatc. 

 The islands are fertile, and mai/.e, Migar, sweet 

 potatoes, casHvas, melons, and bananas are raised. 

 The low hills and valleys of the main island are 

 thickly wooded ; a soil of lig ( /'inn i,,.r<nihir), like 

 the I '.an van (q.v.), drops aerial roots from its 

 branches. The group was visited in 1775 b\ 

 Captain Cook, and in IS.'I'J by Iiarwin, who in- 

 vestigated its geology. The l'/i'iillcn;/rr Expedition 

 explored the smaller islands. The main island has 

 been made a penal settlement, where about 1500 

 convicts are kept, guarded by 200 soldiers. 



NorristOWII. capital of Montgomery comity, 

 Pennsylvania, on the left liank of the river Schiiyl 

 kill (crossed bv three bridges to Bridgeport), 17 

 miles by rail N\V. of Philadelphia. It contains a 

 fine marble court-house, a state asylum for the 

 insane, a number of cotton-mills and woollen- 

 factories, rolling mills and foundries. Mom mills, 

 and manufactories of glass, tacks, &c. Pop. ( 1880) 

 13,063; (1900)-,265. 



\orrko|>ini:, the first manufacturing town of 

 Sweden after Stockholm, stands at the head of the 

 Bravik, 113 miles by rail SW. of Stockholm, and is 

 a well-built modern town. First founded in l.'is-l, 

 it has been several times destroyed by fire. The 

 rapid river Motala, which connects Lake Vetter 

 with the Hravik, and which is spanned by several 

 substantial bridges, affords considerable water- 

 power, by which the numerous manufactories are 

 worked. Here are cloth-mills, cotton spinning and 

 weaving, manufactures of sugar, paper, tobacco, 

 iVo., and shi|ibuilding (gunboats. &c.). Here 

 Charles IX. (1004) and GusUvus IV. (1800) were 

 crowned. Pop. ( 1895) 34,825. 



Xorse. See ICELAND, SAGA, SCANDINAVIA, 



NORTHMKN. 



>orlll. a family famous in the history of Eng- 

 land, the most illustrious nteniliers of wnich were 

 three of the sons of Dudley, fourth llaron North of 

 Kiitling in Cambridgeshire, all of whose li\e- 

 fortunately were written by their youngest brother 

 Roger, who has also bequeathed to posterity an 

 interesting and characteristic, but unfinished, auto- 

 biography. These have all l>een collected by III 

 Jessopp ( 3 vols. 1890). SIR EDWARD NORTH ( 1496- 

 1564) was famous as a lawyer, and was created 

 I'.., mi. North of Kirtling i'n Cambridgeshire in 

 1554. His second son was Sn: THOMAS NOHTII, of 

 whose lite we Know but little save that he was still 

 living in 1603 when the third edition of bis trans- 

 lation of Plutarch (first 1579) was published. This 

 work, a translation from the French of Atnyot, 

 n mains a noble monument of English, and was 

 lieyond doubt one of the fountains from which 

 Shakesi>caredicw bis know -ledge of ancient history. 

 There is an ad mil able edit ion oi tin- portions relating 

 to shakespeaie by I'lolVsHor Skeat(1875). Other 

 translations by North were The Diall of Prim, x. 

 from a French veision of Cuevara (see Et I'lirisM), 

 and Tlif Murdll riulosojthif of Doni, from the Italian 

 (1570; newed. by Joseph Jacobs, 1888). CM U:I.KS, 

 the eldest son of the fourth Huron North, WIIH created 

 Ix>rd Cirev of liolleston, but on the death A./J. of 

 his son, William, cixth Haron North (1734), the 

 barony of Oiej ceased, and thai of North devolved 

 upon his cousin, Francis, third Haron Cuilford. He 

 was created Earl of Cuilford in 1752, and his son, 

 the second F.arl of Cuilford and eighth Lord North, 

 was the famous statesman u in I er George III. The 

 third earl had only three .laughters, between whom 

 the barony of North of Kirtling fell into al>yance 

 on his lordship's death in 1802, until in IMl it 

 vested in Susan, Haronej* North (1797-1884), 

 whose son, William-Henry John, succeeded as 



