NORTH 



NORTHALLERTON 



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eleventh Baron North in 1884. The other honours 

 of the third earl devolved upon his brother, 

 Francis, fourth earl ; and next on another brother, 

 Frederick, fifth earl ; on whose death in 1827 the 

 earldom reverted to liU cousin, Francis, sixth earl ; 

 who was succeeded by his grandson, Dudley- 

 Francis, seventh earl ; and he in his turn, in 1885, 

 by his son, Frederick-George, eighth Earl of Guil- 

 ford. FRANCIS NORTH, second son of Dudley, 

 fourth Baron North, was born 22d October 1637. 

 He had his education at Bury and St John's 

 College, Cambridge, studied law at the Middle 

 Temple, and was called to the bar in 1655. He 

 worked hard, was judicious in his drinking, and 

 more than prudent in his marriage, and was 

 knighted and made Solicitor-general in 1671, and 

 Attorney-general in succession to Sir Heneage 

 Finch but two years later. In 1674 he became 

 Lord Chief-justice of the Court of Common Pleas. 

 As far from being the despicable creature of 

 Macaulay's picture as the saint and sage of 

 his brother's eulogium, he knew how to make 

 interest for himself, and quickly became a privy- 

 councillor, and in 1682 Lord-keeper of the Great 

 Seal, and Baron Guilford (September 1683). We 

 know of his love for music, hia kindness to his 

 brothers and sisters, his dislike of witchcraft trials, 

 and his distrust of all the many plots of the time. 

 After the king's death he was much vexed by the 

 intrigues ami insolence of Sunderland and Jeffreys, 

 but noon after died, 5th September 1685. Si u 

 DUDLEY NORTH, the third son, was born 16th May 

 1641, and, like his brothers, educated at Bun-. 

 Even at school he was a trader, and at an early 

 age he was bound to a Turkey merchant in 

 London. Ever the industrious apprentice, he yet 

 solaced himself with cock-lighting and swimming. 

 He made a voyage to Archangel, next to Smyrna, 

 where he settled for some years in trade. After- 

 wards he settled in Constantinople, returning to 

 England some years after with a considerable 

 fortune, which he continued to increase by keeping 

 an interest in the Levant trade. He became one 

 of the sheriff* of London, and was pliant enough in 

 the interest of the crown. He was knighted, married 

 tin. 1 widow Lady Gunning, and was appointed a 

 Comini-sioner of Customs, next of the Treasury, 

 then of the Customs again. Under James II. he 

 sat in parliament for lianlmry, and after the Revolu- 

 tion made but a sorry defence of his actions as 

 shi-rill'. He was a keen-eyed observer of men and 

 manners, had great mechanical genius, a passion for 

 architecture, and quite extraordinary ability as a 

 financier. Indued, nis Discourses upon Trade ( 1691 ) 

 anticipate in a striking manner some of the ideas of 

 Adam Smith. He died 31st December 1691. DR 

 JOHN NORTH, the fifth son, was born in London, 4th 

 September 1645, was educated at Bury, and entered 

 Jesus College, Cambridge, in 1661, becoming fellow 

 there in 1666. He was strangely timid, yet a 

 severe student, solacing himself by liook-buying and 

 by keening great spiders in wide glass bottles. He 

 succeeded Barrow as Master of Trinity College in 

 1677, became clerk of the closet to Charles II., and 

 died, after a long and grievous sickness, in April 

 1683. ROGER NORTH, the sixth and youngest 

 brother, was born at Tostock in Suffolk, 3d Sep- 

 tember 1653, educated at Bury and Jesus College, 

 Cambridge, entered the Middle Temple, and under 

 the influence of his brother the lord-keeper, soon rose 

 to a lucrative practice at the bar. At the Revolution 

 his hopes of advancement were closed, and he cast 

 in his lot with the nonjuring party, and retired to 

 his estate of Rougham in Norfolk, where he indulged 

 tin- I'amily passion for building, and acted as trustee 

 for his great brother's estate at Wroxton. In 1696 

 he married, and lived henceforth the life of a country 

 gentleman and virtuoso, his only unusual tastes 



being a passion for acquiring books, and for plant- 

 ing trees. He died 1st March 1734. His three 

 hyper-eulogistic biographies, his autobiography, 

 with all its naivete of ill-tail and its amusing pre- 

 judices, and his Examen (1740) of Dr White 

 Kennet's History of England give him a place in 

 English literature not quite commensurate with 

 his own merits. FREDERICK NORTH, eighth Lord 

 North and second Earl of Guilford, a famous 

 English minister, was born April 13, 1732, and 

 educated at Eton and Trinity College, Oxford. 

 When only twenty-two he entered the House of 

 Commons, and was made a Lord of the Treasury 

 in 1759, having inherited the Tory politics of 

 his ancestors. On the death of Charles Townshend 

 in 1767 he was made Chancellor of the Exchequer 

 and leader of the House of Commons, a post for 

 which he was well qualified by his eloquence, 

 good-humour, wit, and readiness of resource, 

 even against such antagonists as Fox and Burke. 

 In 1770 he succeeded the Duke of Grafton as 

 prime-minister. North was largely responsible for 

 the measures that brought about the loss of 

 America ; as a minister he was too ready to sur- 

 render his own judgment to that of the narrow- 

 minded and obstinate king. Indeed, North was 

 called by Horace Wai pole the ostensible minister ; 

 the real minister was George III. In 1778 he 

 renounced the right of taxing the colonies, already 

 seeing that the war was hopeless, and in 1782 he 

 resigned. With North's retirement came to an end 

 the king's scheme of governing the country by his 

 own will, and ruling the House of Commons by 

 thinly-disguised corruption. North was succeeded 

 by the Marquis of Rockingham, on whose death Lord 

 Shelburne became premier. Fox's dislike of the 

 terms of peace with America led him to enter into a 

 coalition with North, whom he had for so many 

 years inveighed against as a minister without fore- 

 sight, treacherous, vacillating, and incapable. North 

 and Fox took office under the Duke of Portland 

 in 1783, but the coalition destroyed Fox's popu- 

 larity, and the Portland administration only lasted 

 a few months. North was atllicted by blindness 

 during the last five years of his life. He succeeded 

 to the earldom of Guilford in 1790, on the death 

 of his father, and died 5th August 1792. BROWN- 

 LOW NORTH, evangelist, was grandson of that 

 Brownlow North (1741-1820), Bishop of Lichfield, 

 Worcester, and Winchester, whose son succeeded 

 in 1827 as sixth Earl of Guilford. Born at Chelsea, 

 January 6, 1810, he spent six years at Eton, 

 travelled abroad, gambled, and lived much in the 

 north of Scotland, but underwent conversion in 

 1854, and thereafter devoted himself entirely to 

 evangelical labours under the Free Church of Scot- 

 land, as well as in Ireland and England. He died 

 at Tullichewan in Dumbartonshire, November 9, 

 1875. See his Life by K. Moody-Stuart ( 1878 ). 



North Adams, a manufacturing city of Mas- 

 sachusetts, picturesquely situated on the Hoosac 

 River, near the west end of tlie Hoosac Tunnel 

 (q.v.), 143 miles by rail W. by N. of Boston. It 

 has a large number of woollen and cotton mills, 

 shoe and print-cloth factories, u foundry, <ic. Pop. 

 (1890) 16,074; (1900)24,200. 



Northallerton, the capital of the North 

 Riding of Yorkshire, 30 miles NNW. of York. 

 It has a town-hall ( 1874) ; a fine cruciform church, 

 Norman to Perpendicular in style ; a cottage 

 hospital (1877); and sites of a Roman camp and 

 a Norman castle of the bishops of Durham. At 

 Standard Hill, 3 miles N., was fought, on 22d 

 August 1138, the great battle of the Standard, in 

 which Archbishop Thurstan routed David I. of 

 Scotland, and which got its name from the banners 

 of SS. Peter, John of Beverley, and Wilfrid, hung 



