NORTHUMBRIA 



NORTON 



527 



affording sustenance to large flocks of hardy sheep. 

 In Chillmgham Park there is preserved a herd of 

 wild cattle said to be of the original British stock. 

 The staple trade of the county is in coal, and the 

 chief manufactures are connected with its mining 

 and transit. The number of collieries working in 

 the county is about 1 14. The salmon-fisheries of 

 the Tyne and Tweed have long been famous. The 

 county is traversed by the North-Eastern and 

 North British railways. Pop. (1801) 168,078; 

 ( 1841 ) 266,0-20 ; ( 1881 ('434,086 ; ( 1891 ) 506,030. 



Northumberland in the time of the Romans was 

 inhabited by a branch of the Celtic people, the tril>e 

 of the Ottadeni. In the 6th century it was con- 

 quered and colonised by the Angles. It then formed 

 part of the kingdom of Bernicia. Being a border 

 county, it suffered much during the Scottish wars, 

 and from the 1 1th to the 17th century was frequently 

 the scene of much bloodshed. Thelmttles of Otter- 

 burn, Homildon Hill, and Flodden were fought on 

 its soil. Northumberland is very rich in memorials 

 of the past. No county, indeed, has a more inter- 

 esting collection of military antiquities, from the 

 rude circular camps and entrenchments of the old 

 inhabitant* to the great castles and peel-towers of 

 mediaeval times. The Romans have left a mighty 

 monument of their power in the great barrier 

 erected across the southern portion of the county, 

 and in the stations and roads connected with 

 it. Other antiquities, also noticed separately, are 

 at Bamburgh, Dunstanburgh, Hexliam, Alnwick, 

 Holy Island, Norham, &c. Nortliumlterland is 

 the birthplace of Bishop Kidley, Thomas Bewick, 

 Akenside, Lord Eldon, George and Robert Stephen- 

 son, Grace Darling, the second Earl Grey, Birket 

 Foster, and Lord Armstrong. 



Works treating on the history, antiquities, geology, 

 Ac. of the county are: the Histories of Wallw (17U9), 

 Hutchinw.n (1778), Mackenzie (1825), and Hodgson 

 (18ISMO); Hodgson Hinde'g General Hutory of Aor- 

 thumberland, an addition to Hodgson'it great work 

 (1858); Hartsliorne'i Ftuilal and Militurii Antiquities 

 of Northumberland ( 1858 ) ; Gibson's Northumbrian 

 Co'Uft, Chunlta, and Antiquities I 1848-54 ) ; Hrucu's 

 Hainan Wall (1874) ; Lebour's Gtolo-jy of Northumber- 

 land and Durham (1X8I>); 'I'omlinsoii'g Comprelientift 

 Guide to A'orthumbrlaml (1888); the Proeecdinij* of 

 t;i. .\V\vi:;i-;tlt; Antiquaries, and ttie Surtees Soc. ; Hate- 

 stm'a Hirtury of Ifnrthnmlitrlauii ( 12 vol. 1893 et ttq. ). 



Nor tlilllllbria, the most northern of the ancient 

 Kn.'li^h kingdoms, stretching from the Hiimber 

 northwards to the Firth of Forth, and separated 

 westwards from Cumbria and Stiathclyde by the 

 Pennine range and the Ettrick Forest. Bernicia, 

 the district north of the Tees, had for its first 

 king Ida (547 5.39), who built Bamburgh as his 

 capital. His grandson, Ethelfrith, mounted the 

 throne in 593, and having married the daughter 

 of Ella, who in 560 had formed the kingdom of 

 Deira out of the district Iwtween the Tees ami the 

 Hninher, set aside the rights of his lx>y brother-in- 

 law Edwin, and so united l>oth Bernicia and Deira 

 into one kingdom, lint the ousted Edwin, return- 

 ing to dof;iit and slay the usurper in 617, thereupon 

 himself lcame king of the Northumbrians as well 

 as Bretwalda. Under him Northuinliria was Chris- 

 tianised. In 633 he fell in battle against Penda 

 of Mrrcia and the Welsh Cadwallon, but a year 

 later St Oswald, son of Ethelfrith, cleared the 

 country of the invaders, and united both divisions 

 nnder his rule. His brother and snccessor, Oswy, 

 was forced to yield Deira to Oswin, son of 

 Osrie, his cousin, but in 654, by a great victory in 

 which Penda perished, was able anew to unite his 

 kingdom, and reigned till 670 the most powerful 

 of all Northumbrian kings. Under later kings 

 Egfrid (670-685), Aldfrid (685-705), a great patron 

 of learning, and as many as fourteen olwcure suc- 

 cessors, most of whom came to a violent end 



Northumbrian influence gave way before the rise 

 of Mercia, internal tumults, and Danish ravages, 

 until 806, when the chroniclers cease to give 

 a regular succession of kings, and 827, when at 

 length Northumbria became tributary to Egbert. 

 See the Histories of Green, Skene, and Freeman. 



North-western Provinces, a lieutenant- 

 governorship of British India, constituted under 

 an Act of 1835, and occupying the upper basin 

 of the Ganges and Juinna, extending from 

 Bengal to the Punjab. Oudh, till 1877 a 

 separate government, is now under the lieuten- 

 ant-governor of the North-western Provinces, but 

 in some respects has separate institutions. The 

 province, wnich constitutes the great part of 

 Hindustan proper, is mainly a great alluvial 

 plain, sloping from the Himalayas, and comprises 

 the Doab, Rohilkhand, Bundelkhand, &c., and 

 the Up]>er Ganges valley. It is the great wheat 

 country of India, but is not on a level with Bengal 

 as to resources or trade. The headquarters of 

 Hinduism, and containing some of the most sacred 

 memorials of the Aryan race, it was nevertheless 

 long subject to Moslem sway ; and in 1881 13 - 4 

 per cent, of the population were Mohammedans, 

 as compared with 86 - 3 per cent. Hindus. The 

 divisions of the North-western Provinces are 

 Meerut, Agra, Rohilkhand, Allahabad, Benares, 

 Jhansi, Kumaon, and the four divisions of Oudh 

 Luck now, Sitapur, Fvznbud, Ri BarelL Total 

 area under direct British administration (with 

 Oudh), 107,503 so. in.; pop. (1891) 46,905,085. 

 The native states have a further area of 5109 sq. 

 m., and a pop. ( 1891 ) of 792,491. With the native 

 states the area is aliout the size of Italy, and the 

 population a half larger than that of Italy. Even 

 with the Himalayan districts, the population is 

 greatly denser tlian England and Wales. The 

 capital is Allahabad. See INDIA, OUDH. 



Nortll-west Passage, a route for ships from 

 the Atlantic to the I'urilir by the north of America. 

 The North-east Pas.ttiife is that by the north of 

 Asia. See POLAR EXPLORATION, ARCTIC OCEAN, 

 FRANKLIN ( SIR JOHN), NORHENSKIOLD. 



North-west Territories. See CANADA, 

 Vol. II. p. 690, and the articles on ALIIKRTA, 

 ASSINIBOIA, ATHABASCA, and SASKATCHEWAN. 



Northwiell, a market-town of Cheshire, on 

 the river Weaver and the old Watling Street, 

 18 miles ENE. of Chester. Underneath the 

 town and all around it are great numbers of 

 brine-springs, which have lieen used for the pre- 

 paration or salt since before the Christian era. 

 The town is lieing gradually undermined by the 



I lumping of the brine, and the cavities so formed 

 lave caused many houses and buildings to fall. 

 Several of those that still stand are propped up 

 or bulled together. The streets are narrow and 

 irregular, and many of the dwelling-houses are 

 of an antique type. In 1670 rock-salt mines 

 liegan to lie worked, and now great quantities 

 of this mineral are extracted. The town was 

 taken by the parliamentarians in 1643. Pop ( 1881 ) 

 12,246; (1891) 14,914. 



Norton, ANDREWS, American theologian, was 

 born at Hingham, Massachusetts, December 31, 

 1786, graduated at Harvard in 1804, was appointed 

 mathematical tutor there in 1811, and in 1813 

 librarian of the university and lecturer on biblical 

 criticism and interpretation. In 1819-30 he was 

 Dexter professor of Sacred Literature. Norton 

 was among the most distinguished exponents of 

 Unitarianism, equally determined in his protest 

 against Calvinism and in his opposition to the 

 school of Theodore Parker and the naturalistic 

 theology. His chief writings are Reasons for not 

 believing the Doctrines of Trinitarians ( 1 833 ), and 



