f>28 



NORTON 



NORWAY 



two work* on The (iriiinxeHUt of the Goijteli. He 

 died at Newport, Khode Island, September 18, 

 lv'.:, leaving also a translation of tlie gospels, 

 which was Baited (ls.Vi| liy hi- son t 'baric* Eliot 

 Norton ami Dr F.zra Abbot. CH ARI.F* KI.HIT N<m- 

 TIIS was Ixirn at Cambridge, Maw., 16th November 

 lv_'7. ami graduated at Hurvaril in 1840. He trav- 

 elled in India and Europe at times between 1849 

 Anil 1873, and in 1864-68 was joint editor with 

 Lowell of the.VwM Amrrirnn Ilrrifir. In 1S74--77 

 (he was professor of Art History at Harvard. He 

 received in 1884 the degree of Litt.D. from Cam- 

 bridge rniversily, and in 1887 that of LL.I). from 

 Harvard. He pnolidied a translation of Dante, A'-.. 

 edited the('orres|K,ndeneeof Carlylu with Emerson 

 and with Goethe, Letters of Carlyle and of Lowell, 

 and is literary executor in America for Ruskin. 



Norton, TIIK Hox. MRS. Caroline Sheridan, 

 poet and novelist, and granddaughter of Richard 

 Brinslev Sheridan, was Ixirn in 1808. In 1827 die 

 married tin' lion. George Chappie Norton (1800-75); 

 the second of their three sons, Thomas Brin-ley 

 (1831-77), became (1875) fourth Lord Grantley. 

 Their marriage waa most unhappy, ami her 

 friendship with Lord Melbourne led her husband 

 to institute (1836) a groundless and unsuccessful 

 action of divorce, the damages laid at 10,000. 

 Already die had made hy her pen 1400 in one 

 year, and after the separation from her husband 

 she continued her literary activity. Her poems 

 include The Sorrows of llmuilie ( 1829), The Undying 

 One (the Wandering Jew, 1830), The Child of the 

 Islands ( 1845), and The Lady of La Garnye ( 1862) ; 

 her novels, Stuart of Dun/eath (1847), Lost and 

 Sared (1863), and Old Sir Dmiglas (1868). In 

 March 1877 she married Sir William Stirling-Max- 

 well (q.v.), but died on the 15th June following. 

 Her story beyond doubt supplied the subject for 

 Diana of the Croumius, the most charming of 

 George Meredith's novels. 



Norwalk. ( 1 ) a city and township of Connecti- 

 cut, at the mouth of a river of tlie same name, 

 on Long Island Sound, 41 miles by rail ME. of New 

 York. There is a good harlmur, and extensive 

 iiv-ter-fisheries. Norwalk possesses the largest 

 straw-bat factor)' in America, and within the 

 township there are large manufactories of felt-hate 

 and cloth, woollens, shirk), shoes, locks, and door- 

 knobs, liesides foundries and ironworks : several 

 of these establishment* are in South Norwalk. 

 Pop. of Norwalk (1900) 612.') ; South Norwalk. (i.Vll ; 

 township, 19,982. (2) Capital of Huron county, 

 Ohio. .V> miles by rail WBW. of Cleveland. It is 

 a pleasant little, city, with streets shaded with 

 nuiple*, and manufactures organs, shoes, ploughs, 

 sew -ing-machine*, tobacco, and faniiing-niills. l\m 

 ( I'.HHII 7"74. 



Norway ( Norweg. Norrje), the western division 

 of the Scandinavian peninsula, extends from lat. 

 57" 59' N. (Lindesmes) in the south-west to 71 11' 

 in the north east, overlapping Sweden and Lap- 

 land on the N. ami screening them from the 

 Arctic Ocean. Although 1160 mile* in length 

 (coast-line 3000 miles), it varies in width from 

 20 to 100 miles north of 63 N. lat. ; below that 

 Urn- it swells out to a club-sba|ied mass 260 miles 

 in width. It is separated from Sweden by the 

 Kjolen (i.e. Keeb .Mountains (3000 to 6000 feet), 

 the licklx of the peninsula, which run par- 

 allel to the Norwegian coast from the plateau of 

 Kinmark in the north to 63 in the south, and 

 then bifurcate. The main range proceeds south- 

 wards, still marking the liomidary between the 

 sister kingdoms, though it decreases greatly in 

 height. The other division continues parallel to 

 the coast, in a south westerly and then southerly 

 direction, to the extremity of the country. But 



the mountains in this division no longer form a 

 narrow ridge or 'keel:' they widen out n 

 broad plateau, undulating Ix-tween 2000 and 4000 

 feet and cmlxissed with mountain knots I>o\ie, 

 .Icitun, I-ang, Fille, Ilardanger Kjclde (/.//. I - th. 

 sejwrate peaks of which shoot up to DIHKI i, ,-t ami 

 higher (e.g. Galdhoppigen. vil'.i i.-.-t : ( .littertiud, 

 s:t7!l; Sncha-ttcii. 7:>o6; I,odalskaiipen, 6790 t. 

 The leveller portions of this plateau region cmi-M 

 of dreary moors, covered in winter with snow and 

 in -iiiiiiuei with coarse grass and heather, and 

 studded with numerous tarns and lielts of fme-t 

 (conifers, birches, willows). The grass afford* 

 pasturage to the sheep and cattle of i he ilah-smen ; 

 the sfrtre or huts of the herd-girls and the wood- 

 cutters are the only habitations in these mountain 

 solitudes. Itut the !>ear, lynx, wild reindeer, an-'. 

 lemming make their home there : owls, kestrels, 

 and buzzards prey on the smaller aninmls and birds; 

 snipe, teal, and loom frequent the lakes; and'vast 

 nnmliers of lapwing and plovei -breed in the tarns. 

 Moreover, in winter the ptarmigan is plentiful on 

 the snows. Besides these creatures, the fox, eagle, 

 sjiarrow-bawk, raven, crow, and wixxlcock are com- 

 mon, not only here, but throughout the kingdom. 

 Numerous wild berries cloudlierrics, raspberries, 

 billierries, cranlierries, &c. ripen on these loftier 

 regions in summer. 



Norway presents a Ixild front to the Atlantic. 

 The west side of the iieninsular ram|>art the ' West- 

 land,' which is nowhere more than 70 miles wide 

 sinks down abruptly to the wean, in some cases by 

 steep terraces, in others sheer to the water's edge. 

 < In the inner or eastern side the ' Eastland ' the 

 slope is more gradual ; the general versant faces 

 south-east. The greater part of the country lies 

 between the same degrees of latitude as ( Greenland, 

 and would in all probability be covered with a 

 similar ice-cap to Greenland as indeed it was in 

 the end of the Tertian ]>eriod were its shores, on 

 west and north, not washed by the Gulf Stream. 

 It is mainly owing to this warm ix'eanic artery 

 that Norway is habitable ; its influence, together 

 with the direction of the parallel mountain ram- 

 part, the distribution of the atmospheric pressure, 

 and the presence of deep-sea banks off the coast, 

 determines the predominant climatological features 

 of the country. The isotherms do not run from 

 west to east, but parallel to the coast. Hammer- 

 fest, for instance, on the north coast, in 70 40' N. 

 lat., has a winter mean of 22'6" F., '.'i higher than 

 Christiania, which has virtually an inland site, in 

 59 55' N. lat In winter the west coast district* 

 are the warmest, and the cold increases in intensity 

 according to the distance inland ; whereas in sum- 

 mer the reverse is the ca-e, though altitude is then 

 a more potent influencing factor than in winter. 

 The places that have the lowest winter mean ( 11'8) 

 are all inland, as Elvernm and Kdros ( llora ,->o. 

 near the Swedish frontier. Kautokeino (in southern 

 Kinmark), and Nylxirg (at the head of Varanger 

 Fjord); at all these places the mercury has Ix-en 

 known to freeze ( -40 F.). The places which have 

 the highest summer temperature are ( Ini-tiania, 



the south-west extremity of th mntry, the heads 



of the western fjords, ami the interior of Finmark. 

 The prevalent south west winds bring considerable 

 rainfall, 40 to 70 inches in the year, to the west 

 coast of southern Norway. In Hie interior only 12 

 to 10 inches fall during the year. 



The population has doubled since 1820, when it 

 stood at 77..MKi, the increase having l>ceii most. 

 rapid since 1850. In 1885 there were onh nine 

 towns with populations exceeding 10,000 viz. 

 Christiania, the capital, 128,302: Itergen, 46,552; 

 Trondhjem, 23.753 ; Stavanger, 22,634 ; 1 trainmen, 

 19,391: Christiansand, 12,749; Fredrikstad, ll,:i; 

 Fredrikshald, 11,237; and Larvik, 11,084 all sea 



