534 



NORWAY 



NORWICH 



i>f his country, who Mieved that in the free 

 peasant proprietor lay the hope of Norway')* 

 future, and who laboureil earnestly to make him 

 worthy of that high calling. TliencluiloiiH thought 

 and disregard of ii-sthetic law and taste shown in 

 lii. ,'ai lii-r works provoked the satirical attacks* of 

 Welhaven (1807-/3), a master of (xielic form, and 

 the representative of the intellectual aristocracy of 

 the country, the mercantile and ollicial ( la--.es. This 

 gave rise to a keen literary feml. Hut. apart from 

 Andreas Munch (1811-84), the ladies' jMiet, who 

 stands by himself, and the poets .1. Moe ( 1813-82), 

 Jensen ('1812-67), and Th. Kjerulf (1825-88), who 

 were more or less influenced hy Welhaven, nearly 

 all 8ulise<|Uent writers) have worked in the spirit of 

 Wergeland, and for the same ends. Monsen ( 1815- 

 52) penned lyrics which sometimes approach the 

 best of NVergeland's later work in quality. Aascn 

 (born 1813), Vinje (1818-70), K. Janson (1841), 

 Sivle (1857), and Garborg ( 1851 ), the Mnalst never, 

 have tried to create a literary language by collating 

 and fusing together the various peasant dialects, the 

 first named more especially in philological works, 

 tin* others in tales and novels, and even in jx>etry. 

 Garborg is a writer of striking individuality. 

 Asbjornsen (1812-85) and Moe, the i>oet, and 

 Faye collected the folk-tales ; Landstad ( 1802-81 ), 

 the hymn-writer, and Bugge (1833) collected the 

 popular song-*. Daa (1809-77) popularised the 

 history of his country, and Vig ( 1824-57) laboured in 

 the same direction in various works for the people. 

 Schult/e (1823-73), Friis (1821), Ostgaard (1812- 

 73), Magdalena Tlioresen (1819), ami others have 

 described well and lovingly their native land and 

 ite people. Bjornson ( 1832), M. Tlioresen, and Lie 

 (1833) have written good tales from the life of 

 the provinces ; the peasant tales of Bjornson are 

 of great merit. Eilert Sunclt ( 1817-75) strove to 

 educate the country-people through his treatises 

 on their social and economic circumstances. The 

 chief writers of the latest phase of Norwegian 

 literature are Ibsen (1828), Biornson, Lie, Kjel- 

 land (1849), Garborg, Camilla Collett (1813), 

 F.lster (1841-81), M. Thoretten, Jieger (1854), 

 Flood (1837), Gloersen (1838), Amalie Skram 

 (1847), Kristofersen (1851), Krogh, Gunnar 

 Heiberg, Hamsun, and others. Speaking gener- 

 ally, these authors, all novelists except Ibsen nnd 

 Heiberg, show a strenuous desire for truth, great 

 earnestness, a strongly realistic way of looking 

 at things, keen delight in intellectual and moral 

 strife, remarkable tfirectness, vigour, and fresh- 

 ness of style, a derided leaning to satire, nnd 

 frequently, too, a charming naivete nnd striking 

 originality. The socio-satirical plays of Ibsen 

 ( ). v. i have attracted notice in all countries, made 

 him a conspicuous personality, roused not a 

 little keen controversy, and affected the liistory of 

 dramatic literature. Bjornson (q.v. ), best known 

 abroad by his tales, has, like Kjclland ami Lie. 

 al-o done dramatic work, and produced some ad- 

 miralile poetry. Kjelland satirises the classes of 

 whom Welhaven was the representative ; he has 

 strong cosmopolitan, especially French, tendencies. 

 I'.mlsen ( 1850)," Marie, 1 and Marie Col ban (Isll 

 84) must be mentioned as voluminous and popular 

 authors of works of a light character. 



In other departments than pure literature the 

 subjoined must \x- named : in literary history, 

 Botte-Honsen (1824-89), H. La-sen 1 1824'), 

 Jieger, Skavlan (IVtst, Dictrichson (1834); in 

 history, P. A Munch (1810 3), Keyser (1803-64), 

 Lang* < 1810-61), Diioe (IS34), K. Sars (1S35), G. 

 Si.irm (1845), B. Moe (1814 50), Faye (1HO2-69), 

 Nielsen (1843); in philnsojiliy, Trescliow (IT.'il 

 1833), Monrad (lsl(J), a Hegelian; in theology, 

 Coupon (1814). Hauge (1771-1824). \\Yxel, < I7!7 

 1866), F. \V. Bugge (1838); in philology, P. A. 



Munch, Kcyser, Bngge, Aasen. 1'iiger (1H17), 

 FriUner (1*12), Stocklleth ( 1787-1 ST,ti I ; and, OS 

 orientalists, Caspari and ('. Lasxen (18007 

 in archii-ology, Kvgh (183.)); in jurisprudence, 

 Schweigiuinl ' (1808-70), I-asson (1/98-1873), 

 Aschehoug (1822), Stang (1808), Hallnger (isiii 

 76); in mathematics, Hansteen (I7S4-I873) ami 

 Abel (1802-29); in science, Michael Sars (1805- 

 69) and his son, G. O. Sars (1837), as biolo-i-t-. 

 and Keilhau ( 1797-1858) and Th. Kjerulf ( 1825-88) 

 as geologist*. The best Norwegian painters have 

 Wen Tidemand (1814-76), C. F. S. llansen (1S41), 

 Gude ( 1825 ), M. Miilter ( 1 828 ), S. Jacobsen ( 1X3:1 ), 

 Muiithe (1841), and Sinding (1842); the 

 sculptor, Miildelthun( 1820 Sli); the U'st musicians. 

 Ole Bull (1810-80), H. Kjerulf (1815-68), Grieg 

 ( 1843), and Svemisen ( 1840). 



See Schweitzer, OetchicAU der Siandinaritchcn Lit- 

 leralur (3 volt 1880-90); GOOM?, Norliuin tituiiirt CM 

 i-.l. 1882); Halvorscn, Nortk Farfatttr-I.rrUn,,, 1M4-80 

 (1881 et teq.); Jiecer, Hortke Forfatttre (1K83); and 

 Kotten-Hanaen's excellent bibliography, La Korvfgt Lit- 

 Uriiirc, lStj-6G ( 1869). 



Norway Haddock. See BERGYLT. 



Norwich, a cathedral city of England, the 

 capital of Norfolk, and a parliamentary, county, 

 and municipal borough (the first returning two 



iiieiiilM>rs), i> situated on the WeiiMim. immediately 

 aliove its confluence with the Vare, 18 miles \V. of 

 Yarmouth and 114 NNE. of London. Pop. (1801) 

 34,975; (1831) 61, 110; (1881) 87,842; (1891) 100,964. 

 Built on the summit and slopes of a hill which 

 gradually rises from the river, the city, with its 

 hamlets,' covers an area of 7472 acres, as compared 

 with that of two miles enclosed by its ancient walls 

 (1294-1342), and its narrow, winding streets are 

 rich in examples of early architecture as Pull's 

 Ferry and the Bishop's Bridge ( I2!l.">), Ixitli on the 

 river banks; St Giles' Hospital (founded ll'l'.i : 

 the Ethelbert Gateway (./>,-,< 1272); Bishop Sal- 

 mon's Gateway (circa 1325); the Guildhall (com- 

 pleted 1413): Erpingham Gate (1420): the Music. 

 Mouse (partly Norman, nnd once a residence of 

 Sir Ed ward Toke) ; the Bridewell (Decorated and 

 Perj>endicular, circa 1400); and the Dolphin Inn 

 (l.">8"). The cathedral, almost wholly Norman in 

 style, but the growth of more than four centuries, 

 occupies a site close to the river, and was founded 

 in 1096 by Bishop Herliert Losinga : its dimen- 

 sions are 407. feet in length by 72 in breadth (or 

 178 across the transepts), and it is surmounted by 

 a noble ( Norman ) tower and (Decorated) spire of 

 315 feet the highest in England next to Salis- 

 bury : special features are the relics, consisting 

 of two glorious arches, of iU Early English Lndy 

 Chapel (demolished 1573-89); its cloisters, 175 

 feet square (1297-1430); the Decorated Bcnuchnnip 

 Chapel (in which is preserved the Bilile used at the 

 coronation of Queen Victoria), ami the vaulted 

 roof of the nave and transept, rich in niedi.-cval 

 M-nlptured bosses. Close by is the grammar-school, 

 founded (as a Mortuary Chapel) in 1319, and 

 famous as the place of education of Lord Nelson, 

 Bajah Brooke, and other celebrities ; also St 

 Andrew's Hall ( Perj>endicular ; formerly the church 

 of the Black Friars), in which are held the tri- 

 ennial musical festivals, first established at Norwich 

 in 1824. Next after the cathedral the most utrik- 

 in^' ediliee is the eastle, crowning the summit of a 

 sugar-loaf mound in the centic nt the city, and 

 originally, with its defences, extending to the 

 pict in es(|iie market-place : its massive quadrangular 

 Norman keep, the only |xirtion now standing, was 

 used as a lirison till 1896. In it and the adjacent 

 prison -buildings hn* liccn placed the local museum, 

 famous for its collection ot raptorial birds. On the 

 cattle-market IxMieath thcca-tlc i held annually, 

 on Maundy Thursday, the famous cattle and sheep 



