NORWICH 



NOSE 



535 



fair, formerly held on Toniblaml, ami so graphically 

 described in Borrow's Laveiii/ro. The churches, 

 forty-four in number, are for the most part built of 

 flint, and in the Perpendicular style : those of St 

 Peter Maneroft ( where once Archbishop Tenison 

 ministered), St Andrew, St Giles, St Lawrence, St 

 Michael Coslany, and St Stephen are tlie finest 

 examples; whilst of public buildings of modern 

 date mention should lie made of the hospital 

 (founded 1771 and rebuilt 1879-83), an Agricul- 

 tural Hall ( 1882), and a Volunteer Drill-hall ( 1886). 

 Formerly one of the largest seats in England of the 

 worsted-weaving trade, the city is still noted for its 

 textile fabrics especially its crapes; but the prin- 

 cipal manufactures now carried on are those of 

 mustard, starch, ornamental ironware, boots and 

 shoes, whilst extensive breweries anil a vinegar 

 distillery, as well as large nursery-gardens on the 

 outskirts of the town, give employment to many 

 hands. 



Oft-times pillaged by the Danes, and in 878 

 Guthrum's headquarters, Norwich in 1004 was 

 burned by Sweyn, and thirteen years later was held 

 by his son Canute. Subsequent to the Norman 

 Conquest the principal incidents in its history have 

 been the translation of the bishopric hither from 

 Thetford (1094); the granting of its first charter 

 of self-government ( 1 194 ) ; its sacking by Louis the 

 French Dauphin ( 1216) ; the riotous attack by the 

 citizens on the cathedral monastery ( 1272); its first 

 representation in parliament (1295); settlements 

 of Flemish weavers (1336) and of Dutch and 

 Walloon refugees (1558-1603); a hurricane (15th 

 January 1362 ), which blew down the spire of the 

 cathedral ; John Litester's rebellion ( 1381 ) ; dis- 

 astrous fires (1463 and 1509), on the last occasion 

 the roof of the cathedral being destroyed ; the 

 encampment of Ket's rebels on Mousehold Heath 

 (1549); many royal visits, and outbreaks of the 

 plague, the worst beinjj the Black Death in 1349, 

 when half the population is supposed to have per- 

 ished, in 1602, when 3076 persons died, and in 1665, 

 when 2251 MWnnind ; and a collision on the rail- 

 way 2 miles to the east of the city ( 10th September 

 1874), when twenty-five persons lost their lives. 

 Among the sixty -five bishops of Norwich have been 

 Pandulph (the pope's legate), Salmon (the builder 

 of the grammar-school), Bateman (the founder of 

 Trinity Hall at Cambridge), Despenser ('the fight- 

 ing BUhop of Norwich'), Corbet ( the poet ), Hurs- 

 nett and Manners-Sutton (afterwards Archbishops 

 of York and Canterbury), Wren (father of the 

 celebrated architect), Joseph Hall, and Reynolds 

 (the composer of the General Thanksgiving in the 

 Prayer-book). Of citizens the best known are Sir 

 Thomas Erpingham (builder of the gate which 

 bears his name, and chaml>er]ain to Henry IV.); 

 Thomas Bilney ; Archbishop Parker; Dr'Caius; 

 Greene (the poet and dramatist); Bishops Cosin 

 and Tanner ; Sir Thomas Browne ; Dr Samuel 

 Clarke ; Sir James Edward Smith ; ' Old ' Crome, 

 his son, Cotman, Stark, and Vincent (the ' Nor- 

 wich school' of painters); Mrs Opie ; Crotch (the 

 musical composer) ; Wilkins (architect and R.A.) ; 

 William Taylor (q.v.) and Professor Brewer; Sir 

 W. J. Hooker; Gurnejr (the philanthropist) and 

 bis sister, Elizabeth Fry; Lindley (the Injlanist); 

 and Harriet Martiuean and her brother James. 



See works V.y Stacy (1819), Bayne (1858), Ooulbum 

 (1876), JarroM (1883), and Jessopp ( 1884 ) ; also those 

 cited under Norfolk. 



\orwirll, semi-capital of New London county. 

 Conn., is at the head of the Thames Kiver, 13 

 miles by rail N. of New London. The chief por- 

 tion of the city lies on an eminence that rises 

 between the Yantic and Shetucket rivers, which 

 here unite to form the Thames. There are numer- 

 ous manufactories of paper, cotton and woollen 



goods, worsted, picture cords, pistols, wood-type, 

 files, locks, iron pipes, &c., besides rolling-mills 

 ami ironworks : abundant water-power is supplied 

 by the branches of the Thames. Steamboats ply 

 between Norwich and New York. The land on 

 which the city stands was granted by Uncas the 

 Mohican to an English ensign who in 1656 reached 

 him by night with a canoe-load of provisions, when 

 lie was besieged in his stronghold by the hostile 

 Indians, ami nearly forced by nr/nger to surrender : 

 a granite ol>elisk bearing the name of Uncas was 

 erected in 1825. Pop. ( 1900) 17,'Jol. 



Norwood, a south suburban district of London, 

 hillv, healthy, and pretty, long the seat until 1797 

 of a Gypsy settlement. " Pop. 24,797. See A. M. 

 Galer's Norwowl and DltMck ( 1891 ). 



XoS6, the organ of smell, and also part of the 

 apparatus of respiration and voice. Considered 

 anatomically, it may 1* divided into an external 

 part the projecting portion, to which the term 

 nose is popularly restricted and an internal part, 

 consisting of two chief cavities, or tiasul fossa;, 

 separated from each other by a vertical septum, 

 and subdivided by spongy or turbinated bones pro- 

 jecting from the outer wall into three passages or 

 mi ni max, with which various cells or simum in the 

 ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, and superior maxillary 

 bones communicate by narrow apertures. 



Fig. 1. Longitudinal Section of the Nasal Fossae of the 



Left Side, the Central Septum being removed : 

 1, frontal bone; 2, nasal bone; 3, part of ethmoid bone; 4, 



iphenoiilal sinus, a, superior turhinated bone ; b, superior 



nit-atns; r, middle turbinated bone; dd, middle meatus ; -. 



inferior turbinated bone; /, inferior meatus; gg, a probe 



passed into the nasal duct. 



The extern*! portion of this organ may be de- 

 scribed as a triangular pyramid which projects from 

 the centre of the face, immediately almve the upper 

 lip. Its summit or root is connected with the fore- 

 head by means of a narrow bridge, formed on either 

 side by the nasal bone and the nasal process of the 

 superior maxillary lione. Its lower part presents 

 two horizontal elliptical openings, the niixti-ilx, 

 which overhang the mouth, and are separated from 

 one another by a vertical septum. The margins of 

 the nostrils are usually provided with a number ol 

 stiff hairs (vibrissw), which project across the open- 

 ings, and serve to arrest the passage of foreign 

 substances, such as dust, small insects, &c., which 

 might otherwise he drawn up with the current of 

 air intended for respiration. The skeleton or 

 framework of the nose is partly composed of the! 

 bones forming the top and sides of the bridge and 

 partly of cartilages, there being on either side an 

 upper lateral and a lower lateral cartilage, to the 

 latter of which are attached three or four small 

 cartilaginous plates, termed sesamoid cartilages ; 

 there is also the cartilage of the septum which 

 separates the nostrils, and in association posteriorly 



