D40 



NOVA SCOTIA 



The principal cities and towns are Halifax 

 (40,000), Dartmouth (4000), Yarmouth (0000), 

 Truro (7000), Pictou (5000), Amherst (4000), 

 Windsor (8000), Kentville (4000), Annapolis 

 (2000), and Digliy ( I.VKl). The climate of Nova 

 Scotia is remarkably tem|>erate considering iU 

 northern latitude. The extreme of cold U 20" 

 below zero, and ths extreme of heat 98 in the 

 Hhade. The western counties average from to 

 8 degrees warmer than the eastern, and in Anna 

 polls county the mercury rarely falls Ix-low zero. 

 Vegetation is vi>ry rapid, and tfie autumn forms a 

 delightful season. Spi-.ng is rather tcilious, and 

 the winter variable. Vugs arc prevalent along the 

 toasts, but do not penetrate inland to any extent. 



Agriculture and horticulture are among the prin- 

 cipal industries in the province. Rye, oats, and 

 liar Icy. buckwheat, Indian corn, tomatoes, potatoes, 

 turnips, and all root-crops grow in abundance. 

 Wheat is not grown to any great extent, although 

 there is nothing to prevent its cultivation. Apples, 

 pears, plums, cherries, and other garden fruits 

 attain the utmost perfection. The apple-orclmrds 

 in Annapolis and King's counties are very produc- 

 tive. They extend along the roadside in an un- 

 broken line for 50 miles, and in the autumn form 

 a sight which, once seen, is not soon forgotten. 

 More attention is now lieing devoted to dairying 

 and to the raising of live-stock than was formerly 

 the cose. The manufactures of the province are 

 yet limited, but are being developed. Cottons and 

 woollens are manufactured in various parts of the 

 country. There are ironworks at Londonderry, 

 steel-works at New Glasgow, and stove and hard- 

 ware works at Amherst ; and there are also several 

 sugar-refineries, paper- mills, boot anil shoe ami 

 other manufactures of leather, manufactories of 

 agricultural and other machinery, furniture and 

 wooilen ware, and many sawmills. The shipbuild- 

 ing industry was formerly a most important one, 

 but has suffered from the sulwtitution of iron for 

 wooden vessels. Endeavours are, however, being 

 made to develop the iron shipbuilding trade. 

 Mining U extensively carried on. The annual 

 production of gold has risen from 16,000 oz. in 

 1884 to from 25,000 to 30,000 oz. ; and the total 

 yield from tlie time mining was commenced is over 

 500,000 oz. The average, yearly earnings per man 

 are stated to IHJ 135. Coal and iron are abund- 

 antly distributed and extensively worked ; and the 

 manufacture of iron and steel is likely to ! much 

 increased. Upwards of 1,500,000 tons of coal are 

 raised annually, and are sent to different parts of 

 Canada, the West Indies, and South America. 

 Notwithstanding that the export of coal to the 

 I ' n i ted _ States fell off considerably when the 

 reciprocity treaty with that country came to an 

 end in 1866, the output of coal has increased 

 year by year, the falling off in the United States 

 trade oeing more than counterbalanced by the 

 great increase in the consumption in the Dominion. 

 Other minerals are also abundant, including tin, 

 silver, maiigiiur-e. ^vpum, slates, and several 

 varieties of precious stones. The fisheries of 

 Nova Scotia are regarded as among the finest 

 in the world. A large numlier of men and lioats 

 are engaged in the industry, which is valued at 

 from seven to eight million dollars annually. 

 The waters abottM with mackerel, end. herring, 

 shod, salmon, halibut, haddock, lolisters, &c. 

 The value of the iimx>rt into Nova Scotia is almut 

 $10,000,000. of which 4,000.000 come from Great 

 Britain, mid nearly $3,000,000 from the United 

 States. The ex|x>rts tuny lie valued at 89. 000, 000, 

 of which $2,000,000 go hi (Meat Britain, 83,000,000 

 to the United States. The chief exports are fish- 

 products, minerals, lumber, agricultural products, 

 and general manufactures. 



There are 700 miles of railway in the province, 

 and many new lines are projected. The province 

 U connected with Imth the Canadian anil United 

 States railway-systems. There are two canals 

 in the province, one from Halifax to Coin-quid 

 (not now in use), and the oilier connecting St 

 Peter's Hay ami Hiasd'Or I.nke. The Chignceto 

 Ship-railway, already icferred to. is meant to cairy 

 ships by railway over the isthmus of Chigneeto, so 

 as to avoid the long detour necessary to pass Iron/ 

 the Gulf of St Lawrence to the Hay of Kundy and 

 the United States by way of the Nova Scotia coast. 



The religious denominations according to the. 

 census in 1891 were as follows: Unman Catholics, 

 122,452; Presbyterians, IHS.JKVJ ; Baptist. s:t, 1 __> . 

 Church of England, (14,410; Methodist, , r >4.195. 

 Education is free, and there are numerous public 

 schools and academies, besides a normal and middle 

 school, several convents, and the following six 

 colleges: Dalhousie College and University. St 

 Mary's College (Unman Catholic), and the Presby- 

 terian College, Halifax; Acadia College (Baptist), 

 Wolfville; St Francis College ( Roman Catholic), 

 Antigonish ; and King's College and University, 

 Windsor. The lost, Vlonging to the Church of 

 England, was founded in 17>7. 



The public affairs of the province are administered 

 by a lieutenant-governor, and executive council of 

 nine meml>ers, and a legislative assembly of thirty- 

 eight members elected by the ]>eople for "four years. 

 The province is represented in the Dominion parlia- 

 ment by ten senators and twenty-one member* of 

 the Lower House. The ex|>enditiire in 1893 was 

 ?,S'J'J.4(i'2. The annual revenue of the province in 

 1893 was 769,976, of which ^S^.JSOT re). resented 

 the contributions from the Dominion treasury, 

 under the terms by which Nova Scotia became 

 a memlier of the Confederation ; the rest was 

 made up of mining royalties, receipts from crown- 

 lands, &c. 



The government offer land on reasonable terms 

 100 acres for $40. The wild land is, however, 

 covered with bush, and has to l>e cleared liefore 

 cultivation is possible. Improved farms can lie 

 purchased in different parts of the province at 

 prices ranging from $4 to 420 per acre, including 

 buildings, &c. Excellent shooting and fishing are 

 to be found all over the province, especially in the 

 less accessible parts, where big game is still fairly 

 abundant. 



History. Nova Scotia was first visited by Calmt 

 in 1497, and the first colonisation recorded is that 

 in 1604 of the French under De Monte, who 

 attempted for some years to form settlements at 

 Port Royal now Annapolis St Croix, iVc. The 

 settlers were finally expelled by the colonists of 

 Virginia, who claimed the country by right of the 

 discovery of Cabot. Other attempts were mode at 

 colonisation, but with small success. The country 

 was ceded to France by the treaty of Itreila in 

 1667; its possession, however, remained a source 

 of contention lietween F.ngland and France, until 

 it was finally ceded to F.ngland by the treat v of 

 Utrecht in 1713. A memorable event in the liis- 

 tory of the province wits the expulsion of the 

 Aciidians (q.v.) in 175."). some of the event* con- 

 nected with which are the subject of Longfellow's 

 Ernngeline. Cape Breton wns the scene of many 

 Itrnggfe* Ix'twecn the French and British, especi- 

 ally iii the neigld)ourliood of Louisbtirg (q.v.). In 

 17(i3 it was annexed to Nova Scotia. It was mil we- 

 quently made a separate province, but again united 

 to Nova Scotia in 1N19. Many attempts wcrcimide 

 to develop the province, but the foundations of it* 

 present |>osition date from the immigration in 1784 

 of the loyalists who preferred to take up their homes 

 in British territory rather than remain under the 

 dominion of the United States. The province of 



