NOVELS 



NOVGOROD 



545 



variability and fertility apparently limitless. Thus 

 it has fared with the novel ever since Le Sage 

 undertook the domestication of an adaptable 

 species. Having become not merely a source of 

 amusement, but a necessary adjunct of modern 

 life, it now rivals the rabbit m fecundity, and runs 

 into varieties more widely different than greyhound, 

 bulldog, and toy-terrier. This luxuriance of growth, 

 however, cannot be regarded with unmixed satis- 

 faction. It would be no small evil if the novel 

 from an honoured branch of literature were to 

 degenerate into a manufacture, and yet a certain 

 tendency that way cannot be denied. Another, 

 due to the same cause, is the tendency of the 

 modern novel to usurp functions that do not 

 properly belong to it. In some cases, to lie sure, 

 the pretence of lofty motives is sutficiently trans- 

 parent. It is no more true that excursions into 

 the slums of realism and naturalism have for their 

 object the scientific study of social evils than 

 that exhibitions of fasting men are got up in 

 the interests of science. But the novel that is a 

 preachment, a treatise, a dissertation in disguise, 

 though less disingenuous anil disagreeable, is no 

 less an abuse. The prodigious development of 

 novel literature in recent times seems to have led 

 to overweening pretensions. We are sometimes 

 told that the novelist has become the hierophant of 

 the age, the teacher who holds the keys of philo- 

 sophy, science, all human knowledge. But fine 

 words will not alter facts. The raison d'Htre of 

 the novelist is the old craving for a story, and 

 those of the craft who have most frankly recognised 

 this have always been those most beloved in their 

 own generation and most honoured by posterity. 

 Scott, the master of them all, claimed to be no 

 more than a story-teller, and was proud of the title. 



The best histories of the novel are Danlop's Hiitorii of 

 Proie Fiction ( 1814 ; 3d ed. 1845 ; German trans., with 

 large addition*, by F. Liel.recht, 1851 ; a completely new 

 edition by H. Wilson, 1888) ; O. L. a Wolff's AWjemeine 

 Oeichiehte del Romans (Jena, 1SCO); and Alexis Chas- 

 sang's Hiitoiredu Roman, et de let Rapportt acec I'Histoire 

 ( Paris, 1862 ). To these may be added D. Masson's British 

 Noreliiti and their Stylo (Camb. 1859); W. N. Senior, 

 Eay> on Fiction (1864); Landau's BeitrSiie tur Be- 

 Khichte der Ilalianuchen Nnrtlle (Wien, 1875), and 

 Quelltn det Dekamernn (2d ed. Stnttgart, 1884) ; Pro- 

 fessor Erwin Kohde, Der Oriechiiche Roman und teine 

 Vorlaufer (Leip. 1876); F. Bobertag's OeuhichU del 

 Roman* in DeultcMind (Breslau, 1876-79); R Tucker- 

 man, Hillary of Prate Fiction (1882); H. Courthope 

 Bowen's Descriptive Catalogue of Historical Novell and 

 Talei (1882); a Lanier, the Enyluh Novel and P,-in- 

 cipla of iti Development ( New York, 1883) ; Ten Brink, 

 Caiurrien over moderne Romans (1885) ; Vte. E. M. De 

 Vogue, Le Roman Rune (2d ed. 1886); Andre Le 

 Breton, Le Roman an Dix-mptVme Siicle (Paris, 1890) ; 

 Huet's TraiU de FOriginc del Romani ; Lenglet da 

 Fresnoy" De tUngc del Romani, and Biblioth'iiue del 

 /' .ins; and Bougeant's amusing satire on them, the 

 Voyage du Prince Fan-Ffredin dam la Rvmancie ; M. 

 Jusserand's The Enyliih Novel in the Time of Elizabeth ; 

 Quaritch's Catalogue of Romance! of Chiralry, <r. ; and 

 for examples of fiction in its primitive form. Miss Frere's 

 Old Deecan Dayi and Miss Stokes's Indian Fairy Talei. 



The more important novelists of foreign lands are dis- 

 cussed in connection with the literature to which they 

 belong in the sections on literature under the several 

 heads, FRANCE, GERMANY, ITALY, SPAIX, NORWAY, 

 I!' MSIA, Ac., and are also dealt with in separate articles 

 in this work. It may, However, be convenient to append 

 here a list of the more eminent British and American 

 novelists, referring for details and criticisms to the articles 

 on each of them. 



BRITISH. 



John Lyly '155S-1600). 

 Sir P. Sidney (1654-86). 

 Thomas Lodge (1686-1B26). 

 Rol*rt Oreen* it. 1560-92). 

 Thomas Nash (1567-1601). 

 Aphra Bhn 1940-89). 



347 



BRITISH. 



Daniel Defoe '1680-17S1). 

 Samuel Richardson (1689-1781). 

 Henry Brooke il70S-83). 

 Henry Fielding 1707-64). 

 Laurence Sterne '171S-08). 

 Sarah Fielding (1714-68). 



BRITISH. 



Horace Walpole (1717-97). 

 Tobias Smollett (1721-71). 

 Clara Reeve (1725-1803 . 

 Oliver Goldsmith (1728-74). 

 Henry Mackenzie (1745-1831). 

 Madame D'Arblay (1752-1840). 

 Elizabeth Inchbald 1753-1821). 

 W. Godwin (1756-1836). 

 W. Beckford 1759-1844). 

 Mrs Radclifle (1764-1823). 

 Maria Edgeworth (1767-1849). 

 Walter Scott (1771-1832). 

 Jane Austen (1775-1817). 

 M. G. Lewis (1776-1818). 

 Jane Porter (1778-1850;. 

 John Gait (1779-1839). 

 James Morier (1780-1849). 

 Miss Ferrier (1782-1854). 

 T. L. Peacock 1785-1866). 

 T. Hook (1788-1841). 

 Captain Marryat (1792-1848). 

 J. G. Lockhart (1704-1854). 

 Mary W. Shelley '1797-1851). 

 G. P. R James (1801-80). 

 Miss Martineau (1802-76). 

 Douglas Jerrold (18O3-57). 

 Lord Lytton (1803-73). 

 Beaconsfleld (1804-81). 

 W. H. Ainsworth ( 1806-82). 

 Charles Lever (1808-72). 

 Samuel Warren ! 1807-77). 

 Mrs Gaskell (1810-65). 

 Thackeray (1811-63). 

 Dickens (1812-70). 

 Charles Reade '1814-84). 

 Anthony Trollope 1815-32), 

 Charlotte Bronte 1816-66). 

 Emily Bronte ,1818-48). 

 Charles Kingsley '1819-76). 

 Georsre Eliot ' 11819-80). 

 Anne Bronte (1820-49). 

 Mrs Henry Wood 1820-87). 

 Whyte M.-lville 1S-.'1-7S). 

 Mrs Lynn Linton b. 1822). 

 Miss Yonge (b. 1823 . 

 Julia Kavanagh 1824-7"!. 

 Wilkie Collins (1824-89). 

 George Hacilonald (b. 1824). 

 Annie Keary (1826-79 . 

 R. L>. Illackmoreib. 1626). 

 Mrs Craik (1826-87). 

 George Meredith (b. 1828). 



BRITISH. 



Mrs Oliphant (b. 1828). 

 Laurence Oliphant (1829-90). 

 Henry Kingsley ( 1830-76 . 

 Justin M'Carthy (b. 1830). 

 James Payn 'b. 1830). 

 J. H. Shorthouse(b. 1834 X 

 Miss Braddon (b. 1S37). 

 Rhoda Broughton (b. 1837). 

 Miss Thackeray (b. 1837). 

 Sir Walter Besant (b. 1838). 

 Thomas Hardy (b. 1840). 

 Ouida'(b. 1840). 

 William Black (b. 1841). 

 W. Clark Russell (b. 1844). 

 R. L. Stevenson (1850-94). 

 Mrs Humphry Ward(b. 1851), 

 T. H. Hall Caine (b. 1853). 

 Stanley J. Weyman(b. 1855). 

 H. Rider Haggard (b. 1856 X 

 8. R. Crockett (b. 1859). 



A. Coiran Doyle (b. 1859). 

 J. M. Barrie(b. I8CO). 

 Rudvard Kipling (b. 1864). 

 'EdnaLyalf.' 



' Lucas Malet.' 



AMKIUCAN. 



C. Brockden Brown (1771-1S10X 

 Washington Irving ( 1783-1859 X 

 Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851). 

 N. Hawthorne (1804-64). 

 H. P. Willis (1808-67). 

 W. G. 8imms< 1806-70). 



B. A Foe (1809-49). 



O. W. Holmes (1809-94). 

 Mrs Beocher Stown (1811-961 

 J. G. Holland IM'.i-M . 

 Susan Warner (1819-85 . 

 Herman Melville '1819-91'. 

 Bayard Taylor (1826-78). 

 Theodore Winthrop (1828-61). 

 F. R. Stockton (b. 1884). 

 T. B. Aldrich (b. 1836). 

 W. D. Howells (b. 1M7). 



E. P. Roe (l38-88). 

 Bret Harte (b. 1839). 

 Henry James (b. 1843). 

 O. W. Cable (b. 1844). 

 Eliz. 8 Phelps (b. 1844'. 

 Julian Hawthorne (b. 1846). 

 Frances H. Burnett (b. 1849). 



F. Marion Crawford (b. 1654). 



November (Lat. novem, 'nine') was among 

 the Komans the ninth month of the year ( the Ger. 

 Wind month) at the time when the year consisted 

 of ten months, and then contained 30 days. It 

 subsequently was made to contain only 29, but 

 Julius Ca-sar gave it 31 ; and in the reign of 

 Augustus the number was restored to 30, which 

 number it has since retained. Its festivals are 

 All Saints (1), St Hubert (3), St Martin (11), St 

 Catharine (25), and St Andrew (30). 



( ' new-town ' ), a famous city of 

 Russia, capital of a government, is situated on the 

 Volkhof, near where it issues from Lake llmen, 

 110 miles SSE. of St Petersburg by rail. It is 

 the cradle of Russian history. In 864, according 

 to tradition, Rurik (a Varangian, apparently a 

 Scandinavian ) was invited hither by the neighbour- 

 ing tribes, and from him begins the history of the 

 country and the line of its sovereigns. As early as 

 the 12th century it had important connection with 

 the Hanse cities, and it oecame the market of 

 north-east Europe. During the time of its pros- 

 perity the town was called Novgorod the Great, 

 and had 400,000 inhabitants, and extended its 

 sway to the White Sea and the river Petchora. 

 It* government was a sort of republic. The great- 

 ness of Novgorod provoked the jealousy of the 

 princes of Moscow, and in 1471 the czar Ivan III. 

 nearly destroyed the town, bereft it of its liberties, 

 and exiled the most influential citizens ; and when 

 Archangel was opened for English trading-vessels, 

 but especially after the foundation of St Peters- 

 burg, its trade fell away, and the town rapidly de- 

 clined, till now it is but the shadow of its former 

 self. Of the existing ancient buildings the most 

 remarkable are the church of St Sophia, founded 



