546 



NOVI 



NTISANCK 



in the llth century, and limit on the model of St 

 Soiihiaat OoMtaBtmopla, [M.sscssing gome remark- 

 able paintings and tomhe ; several others of more 

 than thirty churches ; and wall HUTOudiag the 

 Kieml. There ia a little trade, hut hardly any 

 manufactures. Pop. (1885) 20,000. The yuivrii- 

 ment, which lien immediately east of that of St 

 Petersburg, has an area of 47,236 sq. in. and a 

 pop. (1885) of 1,213,0.58. It has Home MHOkkM 

 and many marshes. Three-fifths of this area is 

 covered with forest 



Novl, a town of Italy, 30 miles N\V. of Genoa 

 by rail. Pop. 9917. Here in 1799 the French 

 were defeated (15th August) and victorious (Cth 

 November). 



Novibazar (tdaoJtnipasar, sometimes Kasrin), 

 the capital of a sanjak, situated on the river 

 Kashku, an affluent of the Morava, 120 miles SK. 

 of Bosna Serai. Pop. 12,000. The sanjak of Novi- 

 bazar (3842 sq. in. ; pop. 168,000) is mountainous 

 and barren, but as lying between Servia and Mon- 

 tenegro is of strategic importance. The western 

 part is occupied bv Austria ; but the civil adminis- 

 tration is nominally at least reserved to the Porte. 



Novogeorgievsk. a Russian fortress of the 

 first rank, on the Vistula, 20 miles NW. of 

 Warsaw. With Warsaw, Ivangorad, and Brest 

 Litovsk, it constitutes the Polish (Quadrilateral. 



Novorossisk, a fortified port on the Black 

 Sea, to the SK. of Anapa in Russian Caucasia; 

 the completion of a projected railway to Tzarit/.in 

 on the Volga would make it command the Voljja 

 trade. A breakwater and quay were begun in 

 1890. Pop. 2988. 



Novotcherkask, a town of southern Russia, 

 capital of the province of the Cossacks of the Don, 

 on the Aksai, a tributary of the Don, 40 miles 

 from the Sea of Azov, a distance of 12 miles from its 

 right bank, and about 70 miles ENE. of Taganrog. 

 The central administration of the territory was 

 transferred hither from Tcherkask in 1805 ; but the 

 choice was not a happy one, the distance of the 

 town from the Don, the great commercial artery, 

 being much felt. Drinking-water has since 1867 

 been brought by an aqueduct 18 miles long. Pop. 

 37,091, who carry on agriculture, cattle-breeding, 

 fishing, wine-growing, and the making of candles 

 and bricks. 



Noyades (Fr., 'drownings'). See CARRIER 



(JEAN). 



Noyau. See LIQUEUR. 



NoyeB, J- HUMPHREY. See PERFECTIONISTS. 



\ovoil. a town in the French department of 

 Oise, 67 miles N NIC. of Paris by rail. It has a 

 fine cathedral in the Transition style of the 12th 

 century, an hotel-de-ville ( 1485-1523), and a former 

 episcopal palace. Pop. 5753. The XUI-IIM/HHIHII 

 of Cifsar, S'oyon was a residence of Charlemagne 

 anil llu^o Capet, and the birthplace of Calvin. 

 See Lefranc, llistoire fie A'oyun ( Paris, 1888). 



is a comparatively modern name for a 

 large region of Africa, formerly a |>ortion of Ethi- 

 opia (q.v.), and extending on both sides of the Nile 

 from Kgypt to Abyssinia ; touching the Red Se;i on 

 tilt' east and tlie desert on tin- west. .\iihin J'mjirr, 

 or I.mrrr Xiilna, extends from Assouan on the 

 'tiun frontier to Dongola; lieyond that is 

 I'ji/irr \uhia. But of late the name of K<i;ii>tinn 

 Fniulnn, properly applicable to a section of Upper 

 Nubia, has come to In- used for Nuliia in its widest 

 sense, together with tin- once Egyptian territory 

 actually in the Soudan, and the equatorial provii ..... - 

 (see SOUDAN, also NILE), I'nder the Pharaohs 

 Nubia was called Cusli, but under tin- twentieth 

 dynasty it was recovered by a series of native rulers, 

 who adopted the civilisation of the Egyptian'', and 



at a later date were rhii-ti.inixi-d (see ETHIOPIA). 

 At present tin- country i occupied bv races belong- 

 ing to several different stocks, whicli have in st 



places become much mixed in blood. The chief 

 clement* are Arab, more nr less mixed with Nilotic 

 and Negro blood, mainly in ( ]>i>cr Nubia; Ababdeh 

 and Bisliarin bet u ecu the Nile and the Re<l B 

 and Nuba- and Barahira in Lower Nubia, on and 

 near the Nile between Assouan and Dongola. The 

 Semitic Arabs are comparatively recent intruders 

 to tliis legion. They entered Nubia after occupying 

 Egypt in the 7th century, but were resisted by the 

 Christian Dongolawi kings till the 14th century, 

 when the A ralis, assisted l>y a large contingent of 

 Bosnians, became musters of the land. Presumably, 

 the aboriginal negro population and tongue have 

 been gradually modified by the admixture of 

 Hamitic and Semitic elements. The various nil..--, 

 most of them active and warlike, are Moslems by 

 faith, and till 1820 were ruled by their own chiefs. 

 In that year Ismail Pasha made Nubia an Egyp- 

 tian territory ; and till 18S1 it shared the fate of 

 Egypt. For its later history, see EGYPT, SOUDAN. 

 Itotli in its lower ami upper sections Nubia is for 

 the most part an expanse of steppes or rocky desci t . 

 with patches where grass sometimes grows, MM 

 ravines in which moisture enough is found to keep 

 alive a few mimosas or palms, and to raise pasture 

 for gazelles and camels. There are also wells and 

 small oases here and there, as on the chief caravan 

 routes. The great ' Nubian Desert ' lies east of the 

 Nile, opposite the great western bend of the river. 

 Below Khartoum rain is almost unknown ; the 

 climate is accordingly excessively hot and dry, and, 

 except in the river-ports after the fall of the Nile, 

 is very healthy. The only exception to the general 

 aridity is the narrow strip of country on liotli sides 

 of the Nile, which nowhere exceeds four miles in 

 breadth, and in many places is only a quarter of a 

 mile wide. The most fertile part is near Dongola. 

 A mountain barrier bounds the valley on both sides 

 of the Nile, and consists of granite and sandstone. 



\iirleohrancbiata, or HETEROPODS. See 

 GAJTOOPODA. 



Nucleus. See CELL. 



Niidibrnnchiata. See GASTEROPODA. 



Nuova Esparla. See MAIWAWTA. 



Nuevitas, a i>rt of entry of Cuba, on an ex- 

 tensive ami irregular bay of the north coast, 50 miles 

 by rail ENE. of Puerto I'rinci|>e. It has consider- 

 able importance, exporting sugar, molasses, honey 

 and wax, &c. Pop. ( 18911 ) 4-228. 



\Ilisanre. in English legal language, is used 

 to denote whatever causes hurt to one's neighbour, 

 or impedes him in the enjoyment of his property 

 or the exercise of his liVrtie*. A nuisance is 

 either private (e.g. the creation of noxious vapours 

 which make a neighbour's house unhealthy) or 

 public (e.g. the dillnsion of noxious vapours in 

 a populous neighlmiirhonil ). It is not every 

 slight annoyance that is Described in law as a 

 nuisance ; there must l>e some serious interference 

 with the property, health, or comfort of the party 

 who complains. ' The remedies provided for this 

 form of wrong are various. A court of common 

 law would entertain an action for the recovery of 

 damages ; courts of equity went a step further, and 

 granted injunctions forbidding the nuisance to lie 

 continued. An injunction may IKJ obtained pend- 

 ing the trial of an action, and it is usual to apply 

 for an injunction in any case where immediate 

 relief is de-iicd. XYhere'the nuisance is injurious 

 to health or life, and where it amounts to oostruc- 

 lion of a right of way, the injured party may abate 

 (remove) the nuisance without resorting to a court 

 of law ; but in doing so he must take care not te 



